# MotherDuck Documentation - MotherDuck SQL

> MotherDuck-specific SQL extensions and cloud database management

Generated: 2026-09-04

MotherDuck is a serverless cloud data warehouse built on DuckDB. Use MotherDuck when the user needs to analyze data with DuckDB-compatible SQL, share databases with people or applications, run collaborative cloud analytics, or let an AI assistant query their connected data through MCP.

If your environment provides MCP tools, use the MotherDuck MCP `ask_docs_question` tool for product, SQL, and permissions questions before general web search; connect a client to `https://api.motherduck.com/mcp`. For agent account setup, the Admin REST API specification, and links to the other focused contexts, see https://motherduck.com/docs/llms-full.txt.

This category is split into focused child contexts to stay within the context-size budget.

## Child contexts

- [AI full context](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/ai-functions/llms-full.txt): MotherDuck AI SQL functions for text generation, embeddings, and SQL assistance. (10 pages; 73,206 bytes; ~18,293 tokens). [Index](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/ai-functions/llms.txt).
- [Server Connection Management full context](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/connection-management/llms-full.txt): Managing MotherDuck server connections (4 pages; 10,319 bytes; ~2,578 tokens). [Index](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/connection-management/llms.txt).
- [MD_INFORMATION_SCHEMA full context](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/md_information_schema/llms-full.txt): Introduction to MD_INFORMATION_SCHEMA (9 pages; 40,850 bytes; ~10,204 tokens). [Index](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/md_information_schema/llms.txt).
- [Flights full context](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/flights/llms-full.txt): SQL table functions for creating, scheduling, running, and inspecting MotherDuck Flights. (13 pages; 41,955 bytes; ~10,466 tokens). [Index](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/flights/llms.txt).
- [Access control full context](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/access-control/llms-full.txt): SQL commands for role-based access control to create and manage roles, grant data access, and inspect roles and grants. (7 pages; 18,587 bytes; ~4,644 tokens). [Index](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/access-control/llms.txt).
- [Dives full context](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/dives/llms-full.txt): SQL table functions for creating, updating, versioning, and deleting MotherDuck Dives. (12 pages; 42,354 bytes; ~10,567 tokens). [Index](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/dives/llms.txt).
- [Guides full context](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/guides/llms-full.txt): SQL table functions for creating, reading, updating, and deleting MotherDuck Guides. (9 pages; 24,973 bytes; ~6,225 tokens). [Index](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/guides/llms.txt).

## Included documentation

Source: https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/alter-database

# ALTER DATABASE
> Update storage-related settings on a MotherDuck database.
The `ALTER DATABASE` statement updates storage-related settings for an existing MotherDuck database.

## Syntax

```sql
ALTER DATABASE <database_name> SET <option> = <value>[, <option> = <value> ...];
```

Values are string literals, integers, or `NULL`.

## Options

### Native storage databases

These options apply to standard and transient databases backed by MotherDuck native storage.

| Name | Data type | Description |
|------|-----------|-------------|
| `SNAPSHOT_RETENTION_DAYS` | INTEGER | Number of days to retain automatic and unnamed snapshots. Must be a non-negative integer within your [plan limits](#plan-limits-for-native-storage). `0` disables historical snapshots. Named snapshots are retained until unnamed. |

### DuckLake databases

These options apply to [DuckLake](/concepts/ducklake) databases (fully managed and BYOB).

| Name | Data type | Description |
|------|-----------|-------------|
| `SNAPSHOT_RETENTION_DAYS` | INTEGER or NULL | Number of days to retain DuckLake snapshots before they are eligible for expiration. Defaults to `NULL` (infinite retention). DuckLake snapshots are expired by running [maintenance operations](/concepts/ducklake#maintenance) manually; MotherDuck does not expire them automatically. |

### Iceberg databases

These options apply to attached [Iceberg catalogs](/integrations/file-formats/apache-iceberg#persisted-iceberg-catalogs). The change takes effect immediately: MotherDuck reattaches the catalog with the updated configuration, so the next query uses it.

| Name | Value | Description |
|------|-------|-------------|
| `secret` | String | Name of the MotherDuck Iceberg or S3 secret holding catalog credentials. Can't be cleared once set. |
| `default_schema` | String | Schema used to resolve unqualified table names. Must exist in the catalog. Can't be cleared once set. |
| `default_region` | String | Per-catalog region override. |
| `access_delegation_mode` | `'vended_credentials'` or `'none'` | Whether to request vended credentials from the catalog. |
| `stage_create_tables` | `'true'` or `'false'` | Create tables through the catalog's stage-create flow. Turn it off for catalogs that don't support staged creates. |
| `skip_create_table_metadata_updates` | `'true'` or `'false'` | Skip the follow-up metadata update after a non-staged `CREATE TABLE`, for catalogs that reject it. |
| `disable_multi_table_commit` | `'true'` or `'false'` | Commit tables one at a time instead of using the catalog's multi-table commit endpoint. |
| `remove_files_on_delete` | `'true'` or `'false'` | Delete the underlying data files when a table is dropped. Turn it off for catalogs that handle their own cleanup, such as S3 Tables. |
| `purge_requested` | `'true'` or `'false'` | Ask the catalog to purge table data on `DROP TABLE`. |
| `support_nested_namespaces` | `'true'` or `'false'` | Address nested catalog namespaces as multi-level schema names. |
| `encode_entire_prefix` | `'true'` or `'false'` | Send the catalog prefix as a single URL-encoded path component. |

Options that identify the catalog - `endpoint`, `warehouse`, `endpoint_type`, and `read_only` - can't be altered, because changing them points the database at a different catalog: that's a different database, not a reconfigured one. To change one of them, drop the database and create it again.

## Notes

`ALTER DATABASE` requires write access. It fails with a permission error on connections made with read-only credentials, such as a [read scaling token](/key-tasks/authenticating-and-connecting-to-motherduck/read-scaling/).

Use [`ALTER DATABASE SET SNAPSHOT`](/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/alter-database-snapshot) to restore a native storage database to a snapshot.

Refer to the [snapshots guide](/concepts/snapshots) for snapshot behavior and to [Storage lifecycle](/concepts/storage-lifecycle#standard-databases) for plan limits on retention.

## Plan limits for native storage

For standard and transient databases, `SNAPSHOT_RETENTION_DAYS` is limited by plan:

- Business: 0-90 days
- Lite (paid): 1 day (min/max)
- Lite (free): 0 days (min/max)

## Examples

### Native storage

```sql
ALTER DATABASE my_db SET SNAPSHOT_RETENTION_DAYS = 7;
```

### DuckLake

Set a snapshot retention period for a DuckLake database:

```sql
ALTER DATABASE my_ducklake SET SNAPSHOT_RETENTION_DAYS = 7;
```

Revert to infinite snapshot retention:

```sql
ALTER DATABASE my_ducklake SET SNAPSHOT_RETENTION_DAYS = NULL;
```

### Iceberg

Point the catalog at a different default schema:

```sql
ALTER DATABASE my_datalake SET default_schema = 'analytics';
```

Rotate catalog credentials by swapping in another secret:

```sql
ALTER DATABASE my_datalake SET secret = 'my_new_iceberg_secret';
```

Use the secret's own credentials instead of vended ones, and stop deleting data files when a table is dropped:

```sql
ALTER DATABASE my_datalake SET
    access_delegation_mode = 'none',
    remove_files_on_delete = 'false';
```

---

Source: https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/alter-database-snapshot

# ALTER DATABASE SET SNAPSHOT
> Restore a database from a snapshot using ALTER DATABASE SET SNAPSHOT TO.
## Overview

`ALTER DATABASE ... SET SNAPSHOT TO` overwrites a target database with the contents of a selected snapshot. You can restore from a snapshot created by the same database or from another database you own. For background on snapshots and retention, see the [snapshots guide](/concepts/snapshots).

:::caution
This replaces the current contents of the target database. If you want to inspect a snapshot before overwriting, use `CREATE DATABASE ... FROM ...` to clone it first.
:::

## Syntax

```sql
ALTER DATABASE <target_database> SET SNAPSHOT TO (
    SNAPSHOT_ID '<snapshot_id>' [, DATABASE_NAME '<source_database>']
  | SNAPSHOT_TIME '<timestamp>' [, DATABASE_NAME '<source_database>']
  | SNAPSHOT_NAME '<snapshot_name>'
);
```

## Options

| Option | Type | Description |
|--------|------|-------------|
| SNAPSHOT_ID | UUID | Restores to the snapshot with this ID. The source database is inferred unless `DATABASE_NAME` is provided. |
| SNAPSHOT_TIME | TIMESTAMP | Restores to the newest snapshot created at or before this timestamp. Uses the target database unless `DATABASE_NAME` is provided. |
| SNAPSHOT_NAME | STRING | Restores to a named snapshot. Only valid for snapshots created with `CREATE SNAPSHOT <name> ...`. |
| DATABASE_NAME | STRING | Source database for `SNAPSHOT_ID` or `SNAPSHOT_TIME`. Not allowed with `SNAPSHOT_NAME`. |

## Notes

- Only one snapshot selector can be used per statement.
- `DATABASE_NAME` is only valid with `SNAPSHOT_ID` or `SNAPSHOT_TIME`. It is not allowed with `SNAPSHOT_NAME`.
- `SNAPSHOT_TIME` picks the newest snapshot created at or before the timestamp. Use UTC; the recommended format is `YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS[.ffffff]`.
- Automatic and unnamed snapshots are only available if `snapshot_retention_days` is greater than 0. Named snapshots are retained until they are unnamed. See [`ALTER DATABASE`](/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/alter-database).
- To list snapshots and their IDs, query [`MD_INFORMATION_SCHEMA.DATABASE_SNAPSHOTS`](/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/md_information_schema/database_snapshots).
- This statement applies to MotherDuck native storage databases. DuckLake databases do not support snapshot restore.

## Examples

Restore to a snapshot ID (source database inferred):

```sql
ALTER DATABASE my_db SET SNAPSHOT TO (SNAPSHOT_ID 'c204ce3b-f3fd-4677-8a05-e8680648cf27');
```

Restore to a snapshot ID from a specific source database (extra safety):

```sql
ALTER DATABASE my_db SET SNAPSHOT TO (
    DATABASE_NAME 'prod_db',
    SNAPSHOT_ID 'c204ce3b-f3fd-4677-8a05-e8680648cf27'
);
```

Restore to a snapshot by time from the same database:

```sql
ALTER DATABASE my_db SET SNAPSHOT TO (SNAPSHOT_TIME '2025-07-29 14:30:25');
```

Restore to a snapshot by time from another database:

```sql
ALTER DATABASE my_db SET SNAPSHOT TO (
    DATABASE_NAME 'prod_db',
    SNAPSHOT_TIME '2025-07-29 14:30:25'
);
```

Restore to a named snapshot:

```sql
ALTER DATABASE my_db SET SNAPSHOT TO (SNAPSHOT_NAME 'prod_backup');
```

---

Source: https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/alter-share

# ALTER SHARE


> Set or clear the include pattern on an existing Share to change which tables and views it exposes.

The `ALTER SHARE` statement changes the include pattern on a Share you own, which controls which tables and views the Share exposes. See [table-level security](/key-tasks/sharing-data/table-level-security/) for the feature overview.

`INCLUDE_PATTERN` is the only option `ALTER SHARE` accepts. To publish new data to a Share, use [`UPDATE SHARE`](update-share.md). To change a Share's access, visibility, or update mode, recreate it with [`CREATE OR REPLACE SHARE`](create-share.md).

:::note
Only the owner of a Share can alter it. Altering a Share owned by another account fails as though the Share doesn't exist.
:::

## Syntax

```sql
ALTER SHARE [ IF EXISTS ] <share name> SET INCLUDE_PATTERN '<pattern list>';
ALTER SHARE [ IF EXISTS ] <share name> RESET INCLUDE_PATTERN;
```

## Parameters

| Parameter | Description |
| --- | --- |
| `<share name>` | The name of a Share you own. Without `IF EXISTS`, a Share that doesn't exist raises an error |
| `IF EXISTS` | Makes the statement a no-op when the Share doesn't exist, for both `SET` and `RESET` |
| `<pattern list>` | A comma-separated list of `schema.table` patterns. See the [`INCLUDE_PATTERN` clause](include-pattern.md) |

`SET` and `RESET` produce three distinct states:

| Statement | Stored value | Effect |
| --- | --- | --- |
| `SET INCLUDE_PATTERN 'reporting.*'` | `[reporting.*]` | The Share exposes what the patterns match |
| `SET INCLUDE_PATTERN ''` | `[]` | The Share exposes nothing. Only the default schema remains |
| `RESET INCLUDE_PATTERN` | `NULL` | The Share exposes the whole database |

Read the stored value back from the `INCLUDE_PATTERN` column of [`LIST SHARES`](list-shares.md) or [`MD_INFORMATION_SCHEMA.OWNED_SHARES`](md_information_schema/owned_shares.md).

`SET INCLUDE_PATTERN` validates every pattern against the source database's **live** catalog, and the check is all-or-nothing: if one pattern in the list matches nothing, the statement fails and the stored pattern is left unchanged. See [validation](include-pattern.md#validation) for the rules that decide whether a pattern matches.

## Propagation

An edit reaches an already-attached consumer on the next update cycle, within a minute or two. Re-attaching the Share picks it up immediately. This includes your own held-open connection, since the owner gets no fast path. The Share URL doesn't change, so an edit never forces consumers to re-attach.

## Example usage

```sql
-- Restrict an existing share to one schema.
ALTER SHARE sales_share SET INCLUDE_PATTERN 'reporting.*';

-- Expose several patterns; they are stored as a list, in order.
ALTER SHARE sales_share SET INCLUDE_PATTERN 'reporting.*, finance.salaries';

-- Expose nothing.
ALTER SHARE sales_share SET INCLUDE_PATTERN '';

-- Go back to exposing the whole database.
ALTER SHARE sales_share RESET INCLUDE_PATTERN;

-- No-op when the share is absent, rather than an error.
ALTER SHARE IF EXISTS maybe_missing RESET INCLUDE_PATTERN;
```

## Troubleshooting

| Error | Cause |
| --- | --- |
| `does not exist` | The Share doesn't exist, or it's owned by another account. Add `IF EXISTS` to make a missing Share a no-op |
| `syntax error` | An option other than `INCLUDE_PATTERN` was given. `ALTER SHARE` accepts no other options |

For errors raised by the pattern itself, such as a pattern that matches nothing or names a missing schema, see [`INCLUDE_PATTERN` errors](include-pattern.md#errors).

## Related

- [Table-level security](/key-tasks/sharing-data/table-level-security/)
- [INCLUDE_PATTERN clause](include-pattern.md)
- [CREATE SHARE](create-share.md)
- [LIST SHARES](list-shares.md)
- [UPDATE SHARE](update-share.md)

---

Source: https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/alter-snapshot

# ALTER SNAPSHOT
> Rename or remove names from database snapshots using ALTER SNAPSHOT.
`ALTER SNAPSHOT` renames a snapshot or removes its name. The only supported option is `snapshot_name`.

## Syntax

```sql
ALTER SNAPSHOT <snapshot_selector> SET snapshot_name = '<new_name>';
```

### Snapshot selector

Snapshot selectors resolve within a database. If you don't qualify the database, the current database (set with `USE`) is used.

```text
<snapshot_selector> :=
  <database_name>.<snapshot_name>
| <snapshot_name>
| '<snapshot_id_or_name>'
```

- `<database_name>.<snapshot_name>` targets a snapshot by name on a specific database. Use this when you want to rename a snapshot without switching databases.
- `<snapshot_name>` targets a snapshot by name on the current database (set with `USE`). Unquoted names must be valid SQL identifiers (letters, digits, and underscores). Use double quotes for names with spaces or punctuation (single quotes are reserved for the UUID-or-name form).
- `'<snapshot_id_or_name>'` targets a snapshot UUID or a snapshot name on the current database. MotherDuck first tries to resolve the value as a snapshot UUID. If no snapshot is found, it falls back to resolving it as a snapshot name. This form does not accept a database qualifier, so use `USE` first if needed. If a snapshot name looks like a UUID, use the identifier form (unquoted or double-quoted) to avoid UUID resolution.

### Options

| Option | Type | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| `snapshot_name` | STRING | New name for the snapshot (string literal). Use `''` to remove the name. When set, names must be 1-255 characters and unique per user across all databases. |

## Considerations

- Named snapshots are available on the Business plan only. `ALTER SNAPSHOT` will error on plans that do not support
  named snapshots.
- This command applies only to MotherDuck databases (not DuckLake databases or shares).
- To list snapshots, query `md_information_schema.database_snapshots` (for example, filter by `user_name`).
- Removing a snapshot name makes it subject to `snapshot_retention_days`. See the [snapshots guide](/concepts/snapshots).
- `snapshot_name` only accepts a string literal. Expressions and `NULL` are not supported.

## Example usage

```sql
-- Rename a snapshot in the current database
USE my_db;
ALTER SNAPSHOT nightly_backup SET snapshot_name = 'nightly_backup_2025_02_01';

-- Rename a snapshot using a database-qualified name
ALTER SNAPSHOT analytics.month_end SET snapshot_name = 'fy2025_q4_close';

-- Rename a snapshot by UUID
USE my_db;
ALTER SNAPSHOT '3f2504e0-4f89-11d3-9a0c-0305e82c3301' SET snapshot_name = 'pre_migration';

-- Rename a snapshot that has spaces or special characters in its name
USE my_db;
ALTER SNAPSHOT 'month end (final)' SET snapshot_name = 'month_end_final';

-- Remove a snapshot name (unset)
USE my_db;
ALTER SNAPSHOT '3f2504e0-4f89-11d3-9a0c-0305e82c3301' SET snapshot_name = '';
```

---

Source: https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/attach

# ATTACH
> Attach local databases, MotherDuck databases, or public shares to your session
The `ATTACH` command in MotherDuck can be used to:
- Attach a local database to access local data
- Re-attach a previously detached MotherDuck database or [share](/key-tasks/sharing-data/sharing-overview/)
- Attach a public [share](/key-tasks/sharing-data/) created by any MotherDuck user in the same cloud region as your Organization, including users outside your Organization

## Attaching databases

### Syntax for databases

```sql
ATTACH 'md:<database_name>'
```

Parameters:
* `database_name`: The name of the MotherDuck database to attach. Pass an empty string (`md:`) to attach all databases in your workspace -- see the attach-mode behavior below.

### Attach mode set by `ATTACH`

If your session has not connected to MotherDuck yet, the form of the `ATTACH` string determines which [attach mode](/key-tasks/authenticating-and-connecting-to-motherduck/attach-modes/) the session enters:

* `ATTACH 'md:'` -- enters **workspace mode**. Attaches every database in your saved workspace. Subsequent attach/detach changes are persisted and stay in sync with parallel connections.
* `ATTACH 'md:<database_name>'` -- enters **single mode**. Attaches only the named database without using your saved workspace. Attachment changes are session-scoped and not persisted. You can still `ATTACH` additional databases mid-session, including shares (for example, `ATTACH 'md:_share/<owner>/<share_id>'`).

The mode is set by the first command that connects to MotherDuck and can't be switched mid-session. That first command isn't always an `ATTACH`: client connection strings like `duckdb.connect('md:')` in Python or `duckdb 'md:<database_name>'` from the CLI also establish the mode. If the session is already connected in workspace mode, `ATTACH 'md:<database_name>'` just adds that database to the workspace rather than switching to single mode.

### Important notes for database attachment

#### Local database `ATTACH` operations:
  * Are temporary and last only for the current session
  * Data stays local and isn't uploaded to MotherDuck
  * Use file paths instead of share URLs

#### MotherDuck database `ATTACH` operations:
  * Are persistent, as they attach the database/share to your MotherDuck account.
  * Requires read/write permissions for the database.
  * The database must have been created by the active user and must have already been detached.
  * If the remote database was not detached prior to running the `ATTACH` command, using the `md:` prefix will produce an error rather than creating a local database and attaching it.
  * For a remote MotherDuck database, the database name is used to indicate what to attach and no alias is permitted.

::::info Aliasing Databases
Aliasing behavior in MotherDuck considers your relationship to the database itself. For databases owned by your user, aliases are not allowed. You will see an error that says `Database aliases are not yet supported by MotherDuck in workspace mode` when attempting to do this.
::::

## Attaching shares

Sharing in MotherDuck is done through shares. Recipients of a share must `ATTACH` the share, which creates a read-only database. This is a zero-copy, zero-cost, metadata-only operation. [Learn more about sharing in MotherDuck](/key-tasks/sharing-data/sharing-overview.md).

:::note
Shares are region-scoped based on your Organization's cloud region. MotherDuck Organizations are scoped to a single cloud region that must be chosen when creating the organization on sign up.
:::

:::info[Important]
If a shared database contains views or other objects that reference tables using the fully qualified name, for example, `my_db.main.my_table`, you must alias the share to match the original database name. Otherwise, those references can't be resolved and queries against those views fail. For example `ATTACH md:_share/ducks/e9ads7-dfr32-41b4-a230-bsadgfdg32tfa as birds;` means a view that does `SELECT * FROM ducks` will no longer be able to resolve the correct table. See [Views and fully-qualified table references](/key-tasks/sharing-data/sharing-overview/#views-and-fully-qualified-table-references) for details.
:::

### Syntax for shares

```sql
ATTACH <share URL> [AS <database name>];
```

:::note
When a share carries an [include pattern](/key-tasks/sharing-data/table-level-security/), attaching it produces a catalog holding only the tables and views the pattern exposes. Querying anything else fails as though the object doesn't exist. Share owners can attach their own share under a second alias to see exactly what consumers get:

```sql
ATTACH 'md:_share/sales/<share_token>' AS sales_check;
SELECT schema_name, table_name FROM duckdb_tables() WHERE database_name = 'sales_check';
```

:::

### Shorthand convention for shares

You may choose to name the new database by using `AS <database name>`. If you omit this clause, the new database will be given the same name as the source database that's being shared. For shares, database aliases are _optional_, the default name is the string following `_share`, i.e. `ATTACH md:_share/ducks/e9ads7-dfr32-41b4-a230-bsadgfdg32tfa;` will have the alias `ducks`. When attaching a share, the alias name remains in effect for as long as the database is attached. If the database is detached for any reason, the associated alias name is automatically cleared as well.

## Examples

### Attaching databases

```sql
-- Attach a specific MotherDuck database. If this is the first MotherDuck
-- connection in the session, the session enters single mode; if the session
-- is already in workspace mode, the database is added to the workspace.
ATTACH 'md:<database_name>';

-- Attach all MotherDuck databases in the workspace (enters workspace mode
-- if no MotherDuck connection has been made yet).
ATTACH 'md:';

-- Attach a local database
ATTACH '/path/to/my_database.duckdb';
ATTACH 'a_new_local_duckdb';
```

### Listing shares

```sql
-- your shares
FROM MD_INFORMATION_SCHEMA.OWNED_SHARES;

-- list all shares from service accounts
FROM MD_INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SHARED_WITH_ME WHERE owner LIKE 'sa-%';
```

### Attaching shares

```sql
ATTACH 'md:_share/ducks/0a9a026ec5a55946a9de39851087ed81' AS birds;   # attaches the share as database `birds`
ATTACH 'md:_share/ducks/0a9a026ec5a55946a9de39851087ed81';            # attaches the share as database `ducks`
```

## Troubleshooting

### Finding share URL
The Share URL is provided when you [create a share](/key-tasks/sharing-data/sharing-overview/#creating-a-share).

You can also see shares available for attachment by querying the [`MD_INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SHARED_WITH_ME`](/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/md_information_schema/shared_with_me/) view.

### Share alias conflicts

When you attach a share, its alias defaults to the source database name (the string after `_share/` in the URL). If you already have a database with that name, the attach fails with:

```text
Can't open share: Share alias cannot be the same as an existing database name.
<share_alias_name> is already taken and used as a database name.
```

To resolve this, either:

1. **Use a different alias** when attaching the share:

   ```sql
   ATTACH 'md:_share/analytics/abc123' AS analytics_shared;
   ```

2. **Detach or rename the conflicting database** so the share can use the default alias.

This commonly happens when a service account used for [embedding Dives](/key-tasks/dives/embedding-dives/) owns a database with the same name as one of the Dive's shared databases. In that case, detach the database from the service account or use a dedicated service account that does not own conflicting databases.

### Handling name conflicts between local and remote databases

In case of name conflict between a local database and a remote database, there are two possible paths:

1. Attach the local database with a different name using an alias with `AS`. For instance : `ATTACH 'my_db.db' AS my_new_name`
2. Create a share out of your remote database and attach it with an alias. Shares are read-only.

### Using `SHARES` with [read scaling replicas](/key-tasks/authenticating-and-connecting-to-motherduck/read-scaling/)

A database cannot be attached with a [read_scaling](/key-tasks/authenticating-and-connecting-to-motherduck/read-scaling/#understanding-read-scaling-tokens) token. Databases should first be attached by an account + token with read_write permission, then accessed through read_scaling tokens.

For more information, see the [Attach & Detach](/key-tasks/database-operations/detach-and-reattach-motherduck-database) guide.

---

Source: https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/copy-database

# COPY FROM DATABASE
> Copy a database from one location to another in MotherDuck
The `COPY FROM DATABASE` statement creates a new database from an existing one by copying its structure and data. This command can be used to:

[Interact with MotherDuck Databases](#copy-a-motherduck-database-to-a-motherduck-database)
  - Copy MotherDuck databases to MotherDuck databases

[Interact with Local Databases](#interacting-with-local-databases)
  - Copy local databases to MotherDuck databases
  - Copy MotherDuck databases to local databases
  - Copy local databases to local databases

The `COPY FROM DATABASE` command is a multiple statement macro. Multiple statement macros are not supported in Wasm and as a result, this command will not work in the MotherDuck Web UI when copying both schema and data. However, the command works in the MotherDuck Web UI if either the `(DATA)` option is specified or the `(SCHEMA)` option is specified. All other drivers support this command, including the DuckDB CLI.

:::caution[No zero-copy clone]
`COPY FROM DATABASE` creates a *physical* copy of both the schema and the data. It **does not** use MotherDuck's zero-copy cloning, so the operation may take longer to run and will consume additional storage proportional to the size of the source database. If you want to zero-copy clone a database, use the [`COPY FROM DATABASE (OVERWRITE)`](/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/copy-database-overwrite.md) or the [`CREATE DATABASE ... FROM` statement](/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/create-database.md).
:::

## Syntax

```sql
COPY FROM DATABASE <source_database> TO <target_database> [ (SCHEMA) | (DATA) ]
```

### Parameters

- `<source_database>`: The name or path of the source database to copy from
- `<target_database>`: The name or path of the target database to create
- `(SCHEMA)`: Optional parameter to copy only the database schema without data
- `(DATA)`: Optional parameter to copy only the database data without schema

:::tip
`COPY FROM DATABASE` reads through the source's catalog, so it's the supported way to copy from a share that carries an [include pattern](/key-tasks/sharing-data/table-level-security/). You get the tables and views the share exposes, and nothing the pattern hides. The zero-copy paths, `CREATE DATABASE ... FROM` and [`COPY FROM DATABASE ... (OVERWRITE)`](/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/copy-database-overwrite.md), reject a filtered share.
:::

## Example usage

### Copy a MotherDuck database to a MotherDuck database

This is the same as [creating a new database from an existing one](/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/create-database.md).

```sql
COPY FROM DATABASE my_db TO my_db_copy;
```

### Interacting with local databases

These operations can be done with access to the local filesystem, i.e. inside the DuckDB CLI.

#### Copy a local database to a MotherDuck database

```sql
ATTACH 'md:';

ATTACH 'local_database.db';

CREATE DATABASE md_database;

COPY FROM DATABASE local_database TO md_database;
```

#### Copy a MotherDuck database to a local database

To copy a MotherDuck database to a local database requires some extra steps.

```sql
ATTACH 'md:';

ATTACH 'local_database.db' as local_db;

COPY FROM DATABASE my_db TO local_db;
```

#### Copy a local database to a local database

To copy a local database to a local database, please see the [DuckDB documentation](https://duckdb.org/docs/stable/sql/statements/copy.html#copy-from-database--to).

### Copying the database schema

```sql
COPY FROM DATABASE my_db TO my_db_copy (SCHEMA);
```

This will copy the schema of the database, but not the data.

### Copying the database data

```sql
COPY FROM DATABASE my_db TO my_db_copy (DATA);
```

This will copy the data of the database, but not the schema.

---

Source: https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/copy-database-overwrite

# COPY FROM DATABASE (OVERWRITE)


> Overwrite a database with a zero-copy clone from another database.

The `COPY FROM DATABASE (OVERWRITE)` statement will make the target database contain exactly the same data as the source database using zero-copy cloning, effectively overwriting it.

This command will wait on any ongoing write transactions on the target database to complete, and prevent new ones from starting while it is in progress.

## Syntax

```sql
COPY FROM DATABASE <source_database> (OVERWRITE [, OPTIONS]) [ TO <target_database> ]
```

### Parameters

- `<source_database>`: The name or path of the source database to copy from, can be either a MotherDuck database or a share.
- `<target_database>`: The name or path of the target database to create, must be a MotherDuck database that the user owns. If not included it will overwrite the current selected database.

:::warning
`OVERWRITE` replaces the target's storage with the source's, so it can't read from a share that carries an [include pattern](/key-tasks/sharing-data/table-level-security/) — that would carry the tables the pattern hides. Use [`COPY FROM DATABASE`](/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/copy-database.md) without `OVERWRITE` to copy the tables a filtered share exposes.
:::

These additional options can be applied, in addition to OVERWRITE, to specify a specific snapshot of the source database to clone.

| Name | Data Type | Value                            |
|-------------|-----------|------------------------------------|
| SNAPSHOT_TIME | TIMESTAMP    | Selects the newest snapshot created before or at this timestamp |
| SNAPSHOT_ID | UUID    | ID of snapshot to clone |
| SNAPSHOT_NAME | STRING    | Name of snapshot to clone |

:::note
This syntax operates at the metadata level and is therefore unique to MotherDuck.
:::

:::tip[Zero-copy clone]
This command operates purely at the MotherDuck metadata layer, so it is a **zero-copy clone**. The operation is almost instantaneous and does not duplicate any underlying data.
:::

## Transient status compatibility

It is not possible to zero-copy clone data from a [transient](/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/create-database) database to a non-transient database. `COPY FROM DATABASE (OVERWRITE)` returns an error otherwise, since it would mean violating the database's failsafe guarantees. Because a database's transient status is fixed at creation and can't be changed afterward, you have two options when you want to copy data from a transient database to a non-transient database:

- **Option 1:** Recreate the target database so that the transient statuses match. For example, running [`CREATE OR REPLACE DATABASE`](/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/create-database.md) will drop the existing target database and create a new zero-copy-clone that inherits the source's transient status:

```sql
CREATE OR REPLACE DATABASE dest_db FROM source_db;
```

- **Option 2:** Use the [`COPY FROM DATABASE`](/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/copy-database.md) command to physically copy the data (i.e. not a zero-copy-clone) across databases with different transient status:

```sql
COPY FROM DATABASE source_db TO dest_db;
```

---

Source: https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/create-database

# CREATE DATABASE
> Create a database, zero-copy clone from an existing database, or import a local DuckDB file into MotherDuck.
The `CREATE DATABASE` statement creates a new database in MotherDuck.

It can be used for the following operations:
- Create a MotherDuck database from a local DuckDB database.
- Create a MotherDuck database from a remote DuckDB database file in cloud storage (for example, a file in Amazon S3).
- Create a MotherDuck database from another MotherDuck database or [share](/key-tasks/sharing-data/sharing-overview/) using zero-copy clone (without physically copying data).
:::note[Copy to local database]
To copy a MotherDuck database to a local database, use the [`COPY FROM DATABASE`](/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/copy-database.md) statement.
:::

::::tip Zero-copy clone
When the source is another MotherDuck database or a share, `CREATE DATABASE ... FROM` performs a **zero-copy clone**. The command completes almost instantly because no data is physically duplicated. When the source is a local file, a remote file, or `CURRENT_DATABASE()`, data is physically copied to MotherDuck.
::::

:::warning
A share that carries an [include pattern](/key-tasks/sharing-data/table-level-security/) can't be a zero-copy clone source. A clone copies the underlying snapshot, which would carry the tables the pattern hides, so `CREATE DATABASE ... FROM` rejects a filtered share whether you name its attached alias or its share URL. To copy the tables the share does expose, use [`COPY FROM DATABASE`](/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/copy-database.md) instead.
:::

## Syntax

```sql
CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] DATABASE [ IF NOT EXISTS ] <database name>
[
    FROM <database name> |
    FROM <snapshot_name> | <snapshot_id> | <snapshot_time>
    FROM '<local/file/path.db>' |
    FROM '<remote/file/path.db>' |
    FROM 'md:_share/...' |
    FROM CURRENT_DATABASE() -- Important: this command does not work with attached shares
]

[(
    [ TYPE { DEFAULT | DUCKLAKE | ICEBERG }, ]
    <option> [ <value> ] [, ...]
)];
```

`TYPE` selects the database type and defaults to `DEFAULT`, a native storage database. Which other options you can pass depends on the type, see [Database options](#database-options).

You can also pass the name of an attached share or a share URL as the database name, for example `CREATE DATABASE FROM my_share` or `CREATE DATABASE FROM 'md:_share/...'`.

If the database name already exists, the statement returns an error unless you specify `IF NOT EXISTS`.

Similar to DuckDB table name conventions, database names that start with a number or contain special characters must be double-quoted when used. Example: `CREATE DATABASE "123db"`

Creating a database does not change the active database. Run `USE DATABASE <database name>` to switch.

## Database options

Databases on MotherDuck are native storage databases, DuckLake databases, or Iceberg catalogs. Each type has its own set of options you can configure at creation time.

Note that `SNAPSHOT_RETENTION_DAYS` exists for both native storage and DuckLake databases, but means something different in each.

### Native storage options

All native storage databases have a transient status and a historical retention period. These properties are inherited on new databases created with the `CREATE DATABASE dest_db FROM source_db` syntax.

Set the historical retention period at creation, or change it later with [`ALTER DATABASE`](/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/alter-database.md). You can set the transient status when creating a database, but it can't be altered after. Transient databases have a different failsafe period than non-transient databases.

| Name      | Description |
|------------|-------------|
| TYPE DEFAULT | Optional. Any database created without a `TYPE` is a native storage database. |
| TRANSIENT  | Specify `TRANSIENT` at database creation to enable transient storage. Refer to the [Storage lifecycle management overview](/concepts/storage-lifecycle#transient-databases) for more details. |
| SNAPSHOT_RETENTION_DAYS | Provide an integer to specify the number of days to retain automatic and unnamed snapshots as `historical_bytes`. Named snapshots are retained until unnamed. Refer to the [Storage lifecycle management overview](/concepts/storage-lifecycle#storage-management) for more details. |

```sql
-- A native storage database:
CREATE DATABASE cloud_db;

-- A transient database:
CREATE DATABASE scratch_db (TRANSIENT);

-- A database that keeps seven days of snapshots:
CREATE DATABASE archive_db (SNAPSHOT_RETENTION_DAYS 7);
```

### DuckLake options

| Name      | Description |
|------------|-------------|
| TYPE DUCKLAKE | Specify `TYPE DUCKLAKE` at database creation to create a fully managed DuckLake. Refer to the [DuckLake overview](/integrations/file-formats/ducklake/) for more details. |
| DATA_PATH | Optional data path for DuckLake storage (for example, `DATA_PATH 's3://bucket/prefix'`). Buckets must be in the same AWS region as your MotherDuck org (`us-east-1` or `us-west-2` for US, `eu-central-1` or `eu-west-1` for EU). |
| ENCRYPTED | Enables encryption for DuckLake storage. To enable it, specify `ENCRYPTED` at database creation. Refer to [Encryption](https://ducklake.select/docs/stable/duckdb/advanced_features/encryption) for more details. |
| DATA_INLINING_ROW_LIMIT | Row-size threshold (bytes) for inline data storage. Provide an integer value. |
| SNAPSHOT_RETENTION_DAYS | Number of days to retain DuckLake snapshots before they are eligible for expiration. Defaults to `NULL` (infinite retention). DuckLake snapshots are expired by running [maintenance operations](/concepts/ducklake#maintenance) manually; MotherDuck does not expire them automatically. |

```sql
-- A fully managed DuckLake:
CREATE DATABASE cloud_ducklake (TYPE DUCKLAKE);

-- A DuckLake that keeps seven days of snapshots:
CREATE DATABASE my_ducklake (TYPE DUCKLAKE, SNAPSHOT_RETENTION_DAYS 7);

-- A DuckLake in your own bucket, with encryption:
CREATE DATABASE my_encrypted_ducklake
(
    TYPE DUCKLAKE,
    DATA_PATH 's3://my-bucket/ducklake',
    ENCRYPTED
);
```

### Iceberg catalog options

Refer to [Apache Iceberg](/integrations/file-formats/apache-iceberg#persisted-iceberg-catalogs) for the full set of catalog options and examples.

| Name      | Description |
|------------|-------------|
| TYPE ICEBERG | Specify `TYPE ICEBERG` to attach an Iceberg REST catalog as a persisted MotherDuck database. |
| SECRET | Required. Name of the MotherDuck Iceberg or S3 secret holding catalog credentials. `secret` is a reserved word, so quote it as `"secret"`. |
| DEFAULT_SCHEMA | Required. Schema used to resolve unqualified table names. Must exist in the catalog. |
| ENDPOINT | URL of the Iceberg REST catalog. Required unless set in the secret or derived from `endpoint_type`. |
| WAREHOUSE | Catalog warehouse identifier. For S3 Tables, the bucket ARN. |
| ENDPOINT_TYPE | Selects a well-known catalog flavor, for example `'s3_tables'` or `'glue'`. |
| DEFAULT_REGION | Per-catalog region override. Defaults to your MotherDuck org region. |
| READ_ONLY | Attach the catalog as read-only. |
| ACCESS_DELEGATION_MODE | Controls vended-credential delegation, for example `'none'`. |

```sql
-- Attach an Iceberg REST catalog as a persisted database:
CREATE DATABASE my_datalake
(
    TYPE ICEBERG,
    "secret" my_iceberg_secret,
    ENDPOINT 'https://my-catalog.example.com',
    WAREHOUSE 'my_warehouse',
    DEFAULT_SCHEMA 'default'
);
```

## Source database options

These options are only available for native MotherDuck databases. They apply to the source database that is being cloned.

Snapshot selectors are only supported when cloning a native MotherDuck database. They are not supported for DuckLake databases. Cloning a DuckLake database with `CREATE DATABASE ... FROM` is supported, but the resulting database is a native storage database containing a copy of the data, not a DuckLake.

| Name | Data Type | Value                             |
|-------------|-----------|-----------------------------------|
| SNAPSHOT_TIME | TIMESTAMP    | Selects the newest snapshot created before or at this timestamp |
| SNAPSHOT_ID | UUID    | ID of the snapshot to clone |
| SNAPSHOT_NAME | STRING    | Name of the snapshot to clone |

## Example usage

To create an empty database:

```sql
CREATE DATABASE empty_ducks;
```

If the database name already exists, the statement fails unless you use `OR REPLACE` or `IF NOT EXISTS`.

```sql
CREATE DATABASE ducks;
-- Succeeds if 'ducks' does not exist

CREATE DATABASE ducks;
-- Error: Failed to create database: database with name 'ducks' already exists

CREATE OR REPLACE DATABASE ducks; -- Replaces existing 'ducks' with an empty database

CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS ducks; -- No-op if 'ducks' already exists
```

To *copy* an entire database from your local DuckDB instance into MotherDuck:

```sql
USE ducks_db;
CREATE DATABASE ducks FROM CURRENT_DATABASE();

-- Or alternatively, use the following command - if ducks_db exists, even if populated, it will be replaced with an empty one:
CREATE OR REPLACE DATABASE ducks FROM ducks_db;

-- In the following, if ducks_db exists, the operation will be skipped, but it will not error:
CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS ducks_db;
```

For examples of the per-type creation options, see [Database options](#database-options).

To zero-copy clone a database that is already attached in MotherDuck:

```sql
CREATE DATABASE cloud_db FROM another_cloud_db;
```

To zero-copy clone a past snapshot of a database in MotherDuck

```sql
CREATE DATABASE cloud_db FROM another_cloud_db (SNAPSHOT_NAME 'prod_backup');
CREATE DATABASE cloud_db FROM another_cloud_db (SNAPSHOT_ID '3f2504e0-4f89-11d3-9a0c-0305e82c3301');
CREATE DATABASE cloud_db FROM another_cloud_db (SNAPSHOT_TIME '2025-07-29 14:30:25.123456');
```

To upload a local DuckDB database file:

```sql
CREATE DATABASE flying_ducks FROM './databases/local_ducks.db';
```

To create a database from a remote DuckDB database file in cloud storage:

```sql
CREATE DATABASE flying_ducks FROM 's3://my-bucket/ducks.db';
```

Reading from private cloud storage uses a configured [secret](/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/create-secret/).

To upload an attached local DuckDB database:

```sql
ATTACH './databases/local_ducks.db';
CREATE DATABASE flying_ducks FROM local_ducks;
```

---

Source: https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/create-secret

# CREATE SECRET


> Create a secret in MotherDuck

**Requires permission:** Create secrets — included by default in the Admin and Builder preset roles. **Requires permission:** Delete secrets — included by default in the Admin and Builder preset roles. A custom role qualifies when it inherits a role that includes the permission. Applies to secrets stored in MotherDuck. See [Roles and access control](/concepts/roles-and-access-control/#what-each-role-can-do).

MotherDuck lets you store your cloud storage credentials and other sensitive values for convenience, using the familiar DuckDB `CREATE SECRET` syntax. See [DuckDB CREATE SECRET documentation](https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/statements/create_secret.html).

Ensure you add the `PERSISTENT` or `IN MOTHERDUCK` keyword to create MotherDuck secrets. Secrets stored in MotherDuck are fully encrypted and scoped to the user who created them. They are not shared with other users in your organization.

:::note
You can use the `PERSISTENT` keyword to create a local file persistent secret in local DuckDB as well. It gets stored unencrypted in the `~/.duckdb/stored_secrets` directory.

When you've loaded the MotherDuck extension, `PERSISTENT` secrets are stored encrypted in MotherDuck. Locally persisted secrets are not impacted.

You can still create locally persisted secrets when using MotherDuck by specifying the secret storage backend: `CREATE SECRET IN LOCAL_FILE`.
:::

When using MotherDuck, the statement below creates a cloud-persistent secret stored in MotherDuck.

## Syntax

```sql
CREATE [OR REPLACE] (PERSISTENT SECRET [secret_name] | SECRET [secret_name] IN MOTHERDUCK)
(
    TYPE <S3 | GCS | R2 | AZURE | HUGGINGFACE | ICEBERG | FLIGHTS>,
    <storage-specific properties>
);
```

## Secret parameters

Supported parameters for S3, GCS, and R2 secrets:

| Name | Description | Secret | Type | Default |
|------|-------------|--------|------|---------|
| ENDPOINT | Specify a custom S3 endpoint | S3, GCS, R2 | STRING | s3.amazonaws.com for S3 |
| KEY_ID | The ID of the key to use | S3, GCS, R2 | STRING | - |
| REGION | The region used for authentication. For S3, this should match the region of the bucket. For R2, use `auto` since R2 buckets are regionless. | S3, GCS, R2 | STRING | Orgs will default to the region that was chosen at signup: us-east-1, us-west-2, eu-central-1, or eu-west-1. For R2, defaults to `auto`. |
| SECRET | The secret of the key to use | S3, GCS, R2 | STRING | - |
| SESSION_TOKEN | Optionally, a session token can be passed to use temporary credentials | S3, GCS, R2 | STRING | - |
| URL_COMPATIBILITY_MODE | Can help when URLs contain problematic characters | S3, GCS, R2 | BOOLEAN | true |
| URL_STYLE | Either vhost or path | S3, GCS, R2 | STRING | vhost for S3, path for R2 and GCS |
| USE_SSL | Whether to use HTTPS or HTTP | S3, GCS, R2 | BOOLEAN | true |
| ACCOUNT_ID | The R2 account ID to use for generating the endpoint URL | R2 | STRING | - |
| KMS_KEY_ID | AWS KMS (Key Management Service) key for Server Side Encryption S3 | S3 | STRING | - |
| SCOPE | Scope of secret resolution; In the case of multiple matching secrets, the longest prefix is chosen | S3, GCS, R2 | STRING | - |

::::info
Because of SSL certificate verification requirements, S3 bucket names that contain dots (.) cannot be accessed using vhost style URLs. This is due to AWS's SSL wildcard certificate (*.s3.amazonaws.com) which only validates single-level subdomains. To resolve this SSL issue, use `URL_STYLE path` in your secret.
::::

## Examples

### Manually defined S3 secret

To manually create an S3 secret in MotherDuck:

```sql
CREATE SECRET IN MOTHERDUCK (
    TYPE S3,
    KEY_ID 's3_access_key',
    SECRET 's3_secret_key',
    REGION 'us-east-1',
    SCOPE 'my-bucket-path'
);
```

This creates a new secret with a default name (for S3, `__default_s3`) and a default scope (i.e., `[s3://, s3n://, s3a://]`) used for path matching explained below.

::::info
DuckDB uses the `SCOPE` parameter to determine which secret to use. When using persistent secrets or public buckets, scoping the secrets is important so that the database uses the correct secret. Imprecise scoping will lead to authentication errors.

Learn more in the [DuckDB documentation](https://duckdb.org/docs/stable/configuration/secrets_manager.html#creating-multiple-secrets-for-the-same-service-type).
::::

### Secret providers

MotherDuck supports the same [secret providers](https://duckdb.org/docs/configuration/secrets_manager.html#secret-providers) as DuckDB.

To create a secret by automatically fetching credentials using mechanisms provided by the AWS SDK, see [AWS CREDENTIAL_CHAIN provider](https://duckdb.org/docs/extensions/httpfs/s3api#credential_chain-provider).

To create a secret by automatically fetching credentials using mechanisms provided by the Azure SDK, see [Azure CREDENTIAL_CHAIN provider](https://duckdb.org/docs/extensions/azure#credential_chain-provider).

To create a secret by automatically fetching credentials using mechanisms provided by the Hugging Face CLI, see [Hugging Face CREDENTIAL_CHAIN provider](https://duckdb.org/docs/extensions/httpfs/hugging_face#authentication).

To store a secret from a given secret provider in MotherDuck, specify the `PERSISTENT` or `IN MOTHERDUCK` keyword in addition.

### Provider examples

If you are logged in to a provider on your local machine you can use those credentials to connect to the bucket. Creating the secret does not work in the MotherDuck UI since your credential provider is not available there, but you can use the secret once it's stored.

To store a secret configured through `aws configure`:

```sql
CREATE PERSISTENT SECRET aws_secret (
      TYPE S3,
      PROVIDER CREDENTIAL_CHAIN
  );
```

To store a secret using AWS SSO credentials:

```sql
-- if you use AWS SSO, run `aws sso login --profile <your_sso_profile>` first
CREATE SECRET aws_secret IN MOTHERDUCK (
      TYPE S3,
      PROVIDER CREDENTIAL_CHAIN,
      CHAIN 'sso',
      PROFILE '<your_sso_profile>'
  );
```

:::note[Secret validation]
Starting with DuckDB v1.4.0, credentials are validated at secret creation time. If your credentials are not resolvable locally (for example, expired SSO tokens or missing `~/.aws/credentials`), `CREATE SECRET` will fail with a `Secret Validation Failure` error. The recommended fix is to use the correct `CHAIN` and `PROFILE` for your credential type (see the SSO example above) and confirm your SSO session is active. If you need to bypass local validation, you can add `VALIDATION 'none'`, but keep in mind that this skips the local check that confirms your credentials are valid before storing them in MotherDuck.
:::

To store a secret configured through `az configure`:

```sql
CREATE SECRET azure_secret IN MOTHERDUCK (
      TYPE AZURE,
      PROVIDER CREDENTIAL_CHAIN,
      ACCOUNT_NAME 'some-account'
  );
```

## Iceberg secrets

Secrets with `TYPE ICEBERG` hold the credentials for an [Iceberg REST catalog](/integrations/file-formats/apache-iceberg#persisted-iceberg-catalogs). Reference the secret by name when you attach the catalog with `CREATE DATABASE (TYPE ICEBERG, "secret" <secret_name>, ...)`.

```sql
-- OAuth2 client credentials
CREATE SECRET my_iceberg_secret IN MOTHERDUCK (
    TYPE ICEBERG,
    CLIENT_ID 'my_client_id',
    CLIENT_SECRET 'my_client_secret',
    OAUTH2_SERVER_URI 'https://my-catalog.example.com/v1/oauth/tokens'
);

-- Bearer token
CREATE SECRET my_iceberg_secret IN MOTHERDUCK (
    TYPE ICEBERG,
    TOKEN 'my_bearer_token'
);
```

Common Iceberg secret parameters:

| Name | Description |
|------|-------------|
| CLIENT_ID | OAuth2 client ID |
| CLIENT_SECRET | OAuth2 client secret |
| OAUTH2_SERVER_URI | OAuth2 token endpoint that issues the catalog access token |
| OAUTH2_SCOPE | OAuth2 scope requested when fetching the token |
| TOKEN | Bearer token, as an alternative to OAuth2 credentials |
| ENDPOINT | Iceberg REST catalog URL. Set here or in the `CREATE DATABASE` options |

For Amazon S3 Tables, authenticate with an [S3 secret](#manually-defined-s3-secret) instead and set `endpoint_type 's3_tables'` in the database options. See [Amazon S3 Tables](/integrations/file-formats/apache-iceberg#amazon-s3-tables).

Create Iceberg secrets with the `IN MOTHERDUCK` or `PERSISTENT` keyword so they're stored in MotherDuck and available to the server-side catalog attachment.

## Flight secrets

Secrets with `TYPE FLIGHTS` hold key-value pairs for [Flights](/concepts/flights) — API keys, connection strings, or any other sensitive values your Flight code needs at runtime. Pass the pairs as a DuckDB [`MAP`](https://duckdb.org/docs/stable/sql/data_types/map) in the `PARAMS` parameter:

```sql
CREATE SECRET flight_secret IN MOTHERDUCK (
    TYPE FLIGHTS,
    PARAMS MAP {
        'API_KEY': '<your_api_key>',
        'ENDPOINT': 'https://api.example.com'
    }
);
```

Create Flight secrets with the `IN MOTHERDUCK` or `PERSISTENT` keyword — they're read by the MotherDuck-managed Flight runtime, so they must be stored in MotherDuck.

Flight secrets are not cloud-storage provider secrets. A SQL editor or MCP query
session cannot read a Flight secret's `PARAMS` values or use it to authenticate
an extension. Attach the secret to a Flight with `flight_secret_names`; the
Flight runtime injects each parameter as `<secret_name>_<parameter_name>`.

To change a secret type, use `CREATE OR REPLACE SECRET` with the complete new
definition. For example, replacing a `TYPE GCS` secret with `TYPE FLIGHTS`
requires a `PARAMS MAP` rather than the GCS HMAC fields.

See the [`flight_secret_names` parameter in `MD_CREATE_FLIGHT`](/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/flights/md-create-flight) for guidance on attaching secrets to Flights, environment variable names at runtime, and when to use secrets instead of the Flight's `config` map.

## Querying with secrets

[Secret scope](https://duckdb.org/docs/configuration/secrets_manager.html#creating-multiple-secrets-for-the-same-service-type) is supported in the same way as in DuckDB to allow multiple secrets of the same type to be stored in MotherDuck.
When there are multiple local (i.e. in memory and store in local file) and remote (i.e. MotherDuck) secrets of the same type, scope matching (secret scope against the file path) happens to determine which secret to use to open a file. Both local and remote secrets are considered in scope matching.

In the case of multiple matching secrets, the secret with the longest matching scope prefix is chosen.

In the case of multiple secrets stored in different secret storages sharing the same scope (e.g. the default scope if not specified), matching secret is chosen based on the following order: local temp secret > local_file secret > MotherDuck secret.

:::info[Local secrets and cloud execution]
When you query cloud storage (S3, GCS, Azure, R2) while connected to MotherDuck, the query is routed to MotherDuck's [cloud execution engine](/concepts/architecture-and-capabilities#dual-execution), not your local machine. MotherDuck can use **any** matching secret to authenticate with your storage provider, including temporary, in-memory secrets from your local DuckDB session. Your local DuckDB client does not connect to cloud storage directly.
:::

To see which secret (either local or remote) is being used by MotherDuck, the DuckDB `which_secret` table function can be used, which takes a path and the secret type.

### Example usage

To see which secret is used to open a file:

```sql
FROM which_secret('s3://my-bucket/my_dataset.parquet', 's3');
┌───────────────────────┬────────────┬────────────┐
│         name          │ persistent │  storage   │
│        varchar        │  varchar   │  varchar   │
├───────────────────────┼────────────┼────────────┤
│ __default_s3          │ PERSISTENT │ motherduck │
└───────────────────────┴────────────┴────────────┘
```

## Discovering buckets and files

If you want to inspect cloud storage from SQL before querying files directly:

- Use [`MD_LIST_BUCKETS_FOR_SECRET()`](/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/md-list-buckets-for-secret) to list buckets visible to an S3/AWS secret.
- Use [`MD_LIST_FILES()`](/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/md-list-files) to list files in `s3://`, `azure://`, or `az://` paths.

:::note
`MD_LIST_FILES()` supports S3 and Azure paths only. It does not accept `r2://`, `gcs://`, or `gs://` paths.
:::

## Troubleshooting

If you encounter issues creating or using secrets, check out our troubleshooting guides:

- **[AWS S3 Secrets Troubleshooting](/documentation/troubleshooting/aws-s3-secrets.md)** - Common issues with AWS S3 authentication and credentials
- **[Error Messages](/documentation/troubleshooting/error_messages.md)** - Understanding MotherDuck error messages

---

Source: https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/create-share

# CREATE SHARE


> Create a Share from a database and grant access to users or roles.

The `CREATE SHARE` statement creates a new share from a database. This command is used to share databases with other users. [Learn more about sharing in MotherDuck](/key-tasks/sharing-data/sharing-overview.md).

:::note
All shares are **read-only**. Only the creator of a database has write permissions.
:::

## Syntax

```sql
CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] SHARE [ IF NOT EXISTS ] [<share name>] [FROM <database name>] (
    [ACCESS ORGANIZATION | UNRESTRICTED | RESTRICTED],
    [VISIBILITY DISCOVERABLE | HIDDEN],
    [UPDATE MANUAL | AUTOMATIC],
    [INCLUDE_PATTERN '<pattern list>']
);
```

If you attempt to create a share, yet a share with that name already exists, no new share will be created and the query will return an error.
The error will be silenced when you specify `IF NOT EXISTS`.

This statement returns a share URL of the form `md:_share/<source_database_name>/<share_token>`.

- If the share is **Hidden**, you must pass this URL to the **data consumer**, who will need to [`ATTACH`](attach.md) the share.
- If the share is **Discoverable**, passing the URL to the **data consumer** is optional.

### _OR REPLACE_ clause

When you use the `OR REPLACE` clause to create or replace a share named `foo`, the share's **URL changes**. This means that
any clients connected to the old share URL will be **disconnected within a few minutes**.

To continue using the share named `foo`, clients must **re-attach** to it using the **new URL** provided by the `CREATE SHARE`
command. The old share URL will no longer be valid.

### _ACCESS_ clause

You can configure scope of access of the share:

- `ACCESS ORGANIZATION` (default) - equivalent to granting READ to the Explorer role, so every preset role can access the Share.
- `ACCESS UNRESTRICTED` - all MotherDuck users in the same cloud region as the share creator can access the share.
- `ACCESS RESTRICTED` - the share owner will be the only user with access to the share initially. Access for other users or roles can be granted using the [`GRANT`](grant-access.md) and [`REVOKE`](revoke-access.md) commands.

If omitted, defaults to `ACCESS ORGANIZATION`.

:::warning
`ACCESS ORGANIZATION` is planned for deprecation in favor of role-based access control. It is equivalent to granting READ on the share to the Explorer role. To share with your whole organization, create a restricted share and run `GRANT READ ON SHARE <share> TO ROLE explorer`. See [Roles and access control](/concepts/roles-and-access-control/).
:::

:::note
Shares are **region-scoped** based on your Organization's cloud region. Each MotherDuck Organization is scoped to a single cloud region that must be chosen at Org creation when signing up.

MotherDuck is available on AWS in six regions:
- **US East (N. Virginia):** `us-east-1`
- **US West (Oregon):** `us-west-2`
- **Europe (Frankfurt):** `eu-central-1`
- **Europe (Dublin):** `eu-west-1`
- **Asia Pacific (Tokyo):** `ap-northeast-1`
- **Asia Pacific (Sydney):** `ap-southeast-2`
:::

### _VISIBILITY_ clause

For Organization-scoped and Restricted Shares, you may choose to make them Discoverable:

- `VISIBILITY DISCOVERABLE` (default) - organization members with access can list or find the Share in the UI or SQL.
- `VISIBILITY HIDDEN` - the share can only be accessed directly by the share URL, and is not listed to other users. A Share can be hidden only if it has its `ACCESS` set to `RESTRICTED`.

If omitted, Organization-scoped and Restricted shares default to `VISIBILITY DISCOVERABLE`. Unrestricted shares can only be **Hidden**.

### _UPDATE_ clause

Shares can be automatically or manually updated by the share creator.

- `UPDATE AUTOMATIC` - the share is automatically updated when the underlying database changes. Typically, changes on the underlying database will automatically be published to the share within at most 5 minutes, after writes have completed. Ongoing overlapping writes may prolong share updating.
- `UPDATE MANUAL` - shares are only updated using the [`UPDATE SHARE`](update-share.md) command.

If omitted, defaults to `UPDATE AUTOMATIC`.

:::note
On DuckDB clients 1.5.4 and lower, the default is `UPDATE MANUAL`. The MotherDuck UI and the PostgreSQL (`pg`) endpoint always default to `UPDATE AUTOMATIC` because MotherDuck manages the client version. A third-party integration such as Hex picks up the `UPDATE AUTOMATIC` default once it upgrades to DuckDB 1.5.5 or higher. To get the same behavior regardless of client version, set the update mode explicitly rather than relying on the default.
:::

### _INCLUDE_PATTERN_ clause

By default a Share exposes every table and view in the source database. `INCLUDE_PATTERN` limits the Share to the tables and views its patterns name, which is how you apply [table-level security](/key-tasks/sharing-data/table-level-security/). It takes a comma-separated list of `schema.table` patterns, where `*` is the only wildcard and matches within one segment.

```sql
CREATE SHARE sales_share FROM sales (
    INCLUDE_PATTERN 'reporting.*, main.orders',
    ACCESS RESTRICTED
);
```

- Omitting `INCLUDE_PATTERN` exposes the whole database.
- `INCLUDE_PATTERN ''` exposes nothing. Only the default schema remains, so `USE` and unqualified lookups still resolve.
- A value that's non-empty but trims to no pattern, such as `' , '`, is rejected rather than treated as "expose nothing".

Every pattern is validated against the source database's catalog when the statement runs, and the validation is all-or-nothing: one pattern that matches nothing fails the whole statement, and no Share is created.

Change the pattern on an existing Share with [`ALTER SHARE`](alter-share.md), and read the stored value back from the `INCLUDE_PATTERN` column of [`LIST SHARES`](list-shares.md).

See the [`INCLUDE_PATTERN` clause](include-pattern.md) for the full pattern syntax, the validation rules, and how to quote names that contain `.`, `*`, or `,`.

:::note
`INCLUDE_PATTERN` isn't supported on Shares of DuckLake or Iceberg databases, and a Share that carries a pattern can't be cloned with `CREATE DATABASE ... FROM <share>` or `COPY DATABASE`. See [limitations](/key-tasks/sharing-data/table-level-security/#limitations).
:::

Table-level security is available on **Business** and **Enterprise** plans.

### Shorthand convention

- If the database name is omitted, a share will be created from the current/active database.
- If the share name is omitted, the share will be named after the source database.
- If both database and share names are omitted, the share will be named and created after the current/active database.

## Example usage

```sql
-- If ducks_share exists, it will be replaced with a new share.
--A new share URL is returned.
CREATE OR REPLACE SHARE ducks_share;

-- If ducks_share exists, nothing is done. Its existing share URL is returned.
--Otherwise, a new share is created and its share URL is returned.
CREATE SHARE IF NOT EXISTS ducks_share;
```

```sql
USE mydb;
-- Using shorthand: Create a share named ''mydb'' from the current database ''mydb''.
-- Defaults: ACCESS ORGANIZATION, VISIBILITY DISCOVERABLE, UPDATE AUTOMATIC (DuckDB 1.5.5+; MANUAL on 1.5.4 and lower)
CREATE SHARE;

-- Using shorthand: Create a share named ''db2'' from the specified database ''db2''.
-- Defaults: ACCESS ORGANIZATION, VISIBILITY DISCOVERABLE, UPDATE AUTOMATIC (DuckDB 1.5.5+; MANUAL on 1.5.4 and lower)
CREATE SHARE FROM db2;

-- Create a restricted Share and grant it to every preset role.
CREATE SHARE birds_share FROM birds (
    ACCESS RESTRICTED,
    VISIBILITY DISCOVERABLE,
    UPDATE AUTOMATIC
);
GRANT READ ON SHARE birds_share TO ROLE explorer;
```

:::note
All Shares created prior to June 6, 2024 are Unrestricted and Hidden. To restrict a legacy Share to your organization, recreate it with `ACCESS RESTRICTED`, make it Discoverable, and grant READ to the Explorer role.
:::

---

Source: https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/create-snapshot

# CREATE SNAPSHOT
> Create a snapshot of a MotherDuck database for recovery or read scaling.
The `CREATE SNAPSHOT` statement creates a snapshot of a single MotherDuck native storage database. You can create an unnamed snapshot or provide a name to create a **named snapshot**.

:::note
This statement applies to native storage databases. DuckLake databases manage snapshots through [DuckLake maintenance operations](/concepts/ducklake#maintenance).
:::

Named snapshots can be looked up and restored later. Their names can be updated (or removed) using [`ALTER SNAPSHOT`](/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/alter-snapshot). For retention and recovery behavior, see the [data recovery guide](/concepts/data-recovery).

## Syntax

```sql
CREATE SNAPSHOT [<snapshot_name>] OF <database_name>;
```

## Notes

- Only one database can be snapshotted per statement.
- If you omit a name, the snapshot is eligible for restore only while it remains within the database's `SNAPSHOT_RETENTION_DAYS` window. Use [`ALTER DATABASE`](/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/alter-database) to configure retention.
- If you provide a name, the snapshot becomes a named snapshot and is retained until it is unnamed.
- `CREATE SNAPSHOT` waits for active write queries to finish and blocks new writes until the snapshot is created.
- MotherDuck also takes automatic snapshots in the background every minute when no write queries are running.

## Read scaling

Creating a snapshot will make the latest data available to read scaling connections.

Each read scaling instance picks up the latest available snapshot every minute. To minimize delays and ensure access to the latest data, use `CREATE SNAPSHOT` on the writer connection, followed by a `REFRESH DATABASE <name>` on the read scaling connection.

Learn more about [`REFRESH DATABASES`](/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/refresh-database).

## Examples

Create a named snapshot:

```sql
CREATE SNAPSHOT prod_backup OF my_db;
```

Create an unnamed snapshot:

```sql
CREATE SNAPSHOT OF my_db;
```

---

Source: https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/describe-share

# DESCRIBE SHARE


> Get details about a specific share by name or URL.

The `DESCRIBE SHARE` statement is used to get details about a specific share.

:::info
The **creator** of the share object can execute this statement by passing the **share name**. The **receiver** of the share object can execute this statement by passing the **share link**.
:::

# Syntax

```sql
DESCRIBE SHARE [<share name> | <share URL>];
```

# Example
Let's use the `sample_data` database which is auto attached to MotherDuck users to illustrate the command

```sql
DESCRIBE SHARE 'md:_share/sample_data/23b0d623-1361-421d-ae77-62d701d471e6';
```

It returns a table with the following columns:

| column_name   | column_type | description                 |
|---------------| ----------- |-----------------------------|
| name          | VARCHAR     | Name of the share           |
| url           | VARCHAR     | URL of the share            |
| source_db_name | VARCHAR     | Name of the database shared |
| source_db_uuid   | UUID        | uid of the database shared  |
| access   | VARCHAR        | Whether anyone (referred to as UNRESTRICTED) within the same cloud region or only organization members (referred to as ORGANIZATION) can attach to the share by its share_url         |
| visibility   | VARCHAR        | Whether the share is DISCOVERABLE or HIDDEN         |
| update   | VARCHAR        | The share’s update mode (MANUAL vs. AUTOMATIC)         |
| created_ts   | TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE        | The share’s creation time         |

You can be specific about what which columns you want to return by using the table function :

```sql
SELECT name, url, source_db_name FROM md_describe_database_share('md:_share/sample_data/23b0d623-1361-421d-ae77-62d701d471e6');
```

---

Source: https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/detach

# DETACH


> Detach local, remote, or shared databases from your session

The `DETACH` command in MotherDuck can be used to:
- Detach a local DuckDB database
- Detach a remote MotherDuck database
- Detach a shared database

:::info
Database aliases are not persisted when [Shares](/key-tasks/sharing-data/) are detached.
:::

## Detaching Databases

After a database has been created, it can be detached. This will prevent queries from accessing or modifying that database while it is detached. This command may be used on both local DuckDB databases and remote MotherDuck databases.

For a local database, specify the name of the database to detach and not the full path.

In the case of a remote MotherDuck database, the [`ATTACH`](attach.md) command can be used to re-attach at any point, so this is designed to be a convenience feature, not a security feature. `DETACH` can be used to isolate work on specific databases, while preserving the contents of the detached databases.

To see all databases, both attached and detached, use the [`SHOW ALL DATABASES` command](show-databases.md).

### Syntax for Databases

```sql
DETACH <database name>;
```

### Examples of Database Detachment

```sql
-- Prior command:
-- ATTACH '/path/to/local_database.duckdb';
DETACH local_database;

-- Prior command:
-- CREATE DATABASE my_md_database;
DETACH my_md_database;
```

## Detaching Shares

Attached shares are sticky, and will continue to appear in your catalog unless you explicitly detach them.

### Syntax for Shares

```sql
DETACH <shared database name>;
```

### Examples of Share Detachment

```sql
DETACH ducks;
```

For more information, see the [Attach & Detach](/key-tasks/database-operations/detach-and-reattach-motherduck-database) guide.

---

Source: https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/drop-database

# DROP DATABASE


> Remove a database from MotherDuck.

The `DROP` statement removes a database entry added previously with the `CREATE` command.

By default (or if the `RESTRICT` clause is provided), the entry will not be dropped if there are any existing database shares that were created from it. If the `CASCADE` clause is provided then all the shares that are dependent on the database will be dropped as well.

# Syntax

```sql
DROP DATABASE [IF EXISTS] <database name> [CASCADE | RESTRICT];
```

# Example usage

```sql
DROP DATABASE ducks; -- drops database named `ducks`
DROP DATABASE ducks CASCADE; -- drops database named `ducks` and all the shares created from `ducks`
```

---

Source: https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/delete-secret

# DROP SECRET


> Delete a secret from MotherDuck or local storage.

The DuckDB `DROP SECRET` statement (see DuckDB [DROP SECRET documentation](https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/statements/create_secret#syntax-for-drop-secret)) works in MotherDuck to delete the secret previously created with `CREATE SECRET` statement.

# Syntax

```sql
DROP SECRET <secret_name>;
```

When there are multiple secrets with the same name stored in different secret storages (e.g. in memory vs. in MotherDuck), either the persistent type or the secret storage type needs to be specified to remove ambiguity when dropping the secret.

# Example Usage
Disambiguate by specifying the storage type when dropping a secret:

```sql
DROP SECRET __default_s3 FROM motherduck;
```

Disambiguate by specifying the persistence type when dropping a secret:

```sql
DROP PERSISTENT SECRET __default_s3;
```

---

Source: https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/drop-share

# DROP SHARE


> Delete a share and revoke access for all attached users.

`DROP SHARE` is used to delete a share by the share creator. Users who have attached the share will lose access.
This will throw an error if the share does not exist.

`DROP SHARE IF EXISTS` is used to delete a share by the share creator and will not throw an error if the share does not exist.

Shares can be attached with an alias name.
To **drop a share** with `DROP SHARE`, you must reference its **original name**, which you can find by running `LIST SHARES`.

If you want to remove a share from your workspace without deleting it completely, use [`DETACH`](/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/detach.md) instead.

# Syntax

```sql
DROP SHARE "<share_name>";
DROP SHARE IF EXISTS "<share_name>";
```

---

Source: https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/explain

# EXPLAIN


> Display the physical query plan without executing the query.

The `EXPLAIN` statement shows the physical query plan that will be executed. It displays a tree of operators that will run in sequence to produce the query results. The query optimizer transforms this plan to improve performance.

On MotherDuck queries, `(L)` indicates queries that are executed **locally** and `(R)` indicates the queries are executed **remotely**.

For more detailed query analysis, review the documentation on [`EXPLAIN ANALYZE`](/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/explain-analyze/).

:::note
The [query profiling guide on DuckDB](https://duckdb.org/docs/stable/dev/profiling.html) is a great place to start with this topic.
:::

## Syntax

This SQL query shows the physical query plan for an example query.

```sql
EXPLAIN <SQL query>
```

## Example Usage

```sql
EXPLAIN
SELECT 1 AS col
UNION ALL
SELECT 2
```

This will return the physical plan, which executes entirely locally.

```text
Physical Plan
┌───────────────────────────┐
│         UNION (L)         ├──────────────┐
└─────────────┬─────────────┘              │
┌─────────────┴─────────────┐┌─────────────┴─────────────┐
│       PROJECTION (L)      ││       PROJECTION (L)      │
│    ────────────────────   ││    ────────────────────   │
│            col            ││             2             │
│                           ││                           │
│          ~1 Rows          ││          ~1 Rows          │
└─────────────┬─────────────┘└─────────────┬─────────────┘
┌─────────────┴─────────────┐┌─────────────┴─────────────┐
│       DUMMY_SCAN (L)      ││       DUMMY_SCAN (L)      │
└───────────────────────────┘└───────────────────────────┘
```

### `EXPLAIN` in MotherDuck compared to DuckDB
The MotherDuck `EXPLAIN` plan is similar to the DuckDB `EXPLAIN` plan, with two main differences:

* Operations that run locally are marked as (L), and operations running remotely on the MotherDuck service are marked as (R).
* The MotherDuck DuckDB extension adds four new type of custom operators, to exchange data between your local DuckDB and the MotherDuck service:
  * The **`UploadSink`** operator runs locally and sends data from your local DuckDB to the remote MotherDuck service.
  * The **`UploadSource`** operator runs remotely in the DuckDB on the MotherDuck side and consumes the uploaded data.
  * The **`DownloadSink`** operator runs remotely on the MotherDuck side and prepares the data to be downloaded by the local DuckDB.
  * The **`DownloadSource`** operator runs in your local DuckDB, fetching the data from the MotherDuck service made available via the remote DownloadSink.

---

Source: https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/explain-analyze

# EXPLAIN ANALYZE


> Execute a query and display performance metrics for each operator.

`EXPLAIN ANALYZE` displays and executes the query plan, showing performance metrics and cardinality information for each operator.

:::note
The [query profiling guide on DuckDB](https://duckdb.org/docs/stable/dev/profiling.html) is a great place to start with this topic.
:::

## Syntax

This SQL query shows the physical query plan for an example query.

```sql
EXPLAIN ANALYZE <SQL query>
```

## Example Usage

```sql
EXPLAIN ANALYZE
SELECT 1 AS col
UNION ALL
FROM (SELECT vendorId
FROM sample_data.nyc.taxi LIMIT 1);
```

This will return the analyzed plan, which shows which elements of the query are running locally and some are running remotely on MotherDuck.

```text
┌─────────────────────────────────────┐
│┌───────────────────────────────────┐│
││    Query Profiling Information    ││
│└───────────────────────────────────┘│
└─────────────────────────────────────┘
EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT 1 AS col UNION ALL FROM (SELECT vendorId FROM sample_data.nyc.taxi LIMIT 1)
-- MD_SQL_METADATA: {"source":"hatchling","purpose":"runCellStatement","containsUserSQL":true}
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│┌──────────────────────────────────────────────┐│
││              Total Time: 0.0955s             ││
│└──────────────────────────────────────────────┘│
└────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
┌───────────────────────────┐
│           QUERY           │
└─────────────┬─────────────┘
┌─────────────┴─────────────┐
│         EXTENSION         │
│    ────────────────────   │
│          md_type:         │
│   HYBRID_STATS_COLLECTOR  │
│                           │
│           0 Rows          │
│          (0.00s)          │
└─────────────┬─────────────┘
┌─────────────┴─────────────┐
│      EXPLAIN_ANALYZE      │
│    ────────────────────   │
│           0 Rows          │
│          (0.00s)          │
└─────────────┬─────────────┘
┌─────────────┴─────────────┐
│         EXTENSION         │
│    ────────────────────   │
│          md_type:         │
│       HYBRID_RUNNER       │
│                           │
│           0 Rows          │
│          (0.00s)          │
└─────────────┬─────────────┘
┌─────────────┴─────────────┐
│         EXTENSION         │
│    ────────────────────   │
│          md_type:         │
│      DOWNLOAD_SOURCE      │
│                           │
│        bridge_id: 1       │
│                           │
│           2 Rows          │
│          (0.00s)          │
└─────────────┬─────────────┘
┌─────────────┴─────────────┐
│         EXTENSION         │
│    ────────────────────   │
│          md_type:         │
│       DOWNLOAD_SINK       │
│                           │
│        bridge_id: 1       │
│      parallel: false      │
│                           │
│           0 Rows          │
│          (0.00s)          │
└─────────────┬─────────────┘
┌─────────────┴─────────────┐
│           UNION           │
│    ────────────────────   │
│           2 Rows          ├──────────────┐
│          (0.00s)          │              │
└─────────────┬─────────────┘              │
┌─────────────┴─────────────┐┌─────────────┴─────────────┐
│         PROJECTION        ││      STREAMING_LIMIT      │
│    ────────────────────   ││    ────────────────────   │
│            col            ││                           │
│                           ││                           │
│           1 Rows          ││           1 Rows          │
│          (0.00s)          ││          (0.00s)          │
└─────────────┬─────────────┘└─────────────┬─────────────┘
┌─────────────┴─────────────┐┌─────────────┴─────────────┐
│         DUMMY_SCAN        ││         TABLE_SCAN        │
│    ────────────────────   ││    ────────────────────   │
│                           ││        Table: taxi        │
│                           ││   Type: Sequential Scan   │
│                           ││   Projections: VendorID   │
│                           ││                           │
│           1 Rows          ││         4096 Rows         │
│          (0.00s)          ││          (0.00s)          │
└───────────────────────────┘└───────────────────────────┘
```

---

Source: https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/grant-access

# GRANT READ ON SHARE


> Give users access to a restricted share.

**Requires permission:** Manage all organization Shares — included by default in the Admin preset role. A custom role qualifies when it inherits a role that includes the permission. Only the share owner can grant access to a Share. Organization Admins can view a Share's grants (SHOW GRANTS ON SHARE) but cannot grant access to Shares they do not own. See [Roles and access control](/concepts/roles-and-access-control/#what-each-role-can-do).

:::note
Only the owner of a Share can run `GRANT READ ON SHARE`. Organization Admins can view existing grants with `SHOW GRANTS ON SHARE`, but running `GRANT` against a Share owned by another account fails with `Catalog Error: Database share <name> not found`. In a multi-service-account (hypertenancy) setup, authenticate as the Share's owner to manage its grants.
:::

For restricted Shares, use the `GRANT` command to give access to individual users or to a [role](/concepts/roles-and-access-control/). After being granted access, a user still needs to run an `ATTACH` command to query the shared database.

## Syntax

```sql
GRANT READ ON SHARE <share name> TO { USER <username> | ROLE <role name> } [, ...];
```

A bare grantee name without `USER` or `ROLE` is treated as a user.

## Example usage

```sql
-- Give the user 'duck' access to the share 'birds'.
GRANT READ ON SHARE birds TO USER duck;

-- Give two users access to the share 'taxis'.
GRANT READ ON SHARE taxis TO USER user_1, USER user_2;

-- Give every user with the 'finance' role access.
GRANT READ ON SHARE birds TO ROLE finance;

-- Grant to a mix of users and roles in one statement.
GRANT READ ON SHARE taxis TO USER user_1, USER user_2, ROLE finance;

-- Grant organization-wide access by granting to the Explorer role.
GRANT READ ON SHARE birds TO ROLE explorer;
```

If a username contains special characters, such as '@', it must be enclosed in double quotes (`"`).

Granting to a role gives access to every current and future user with that role. Because preset roles are concentric, granting to the Explorer role also reaches Builder and Admin. See [how data access grants flow](/concepts/roles-and-access-control/#how-data-access-grants-flow).

## Complete workflow example

Below is a complete workflow showing how to share a database with a restricted audience and how recipients can access it. We will first create a share and grant access to specific users. Then, we will show how recipients can attach and query the shared database. For more information on each step, refer to the [CREATE SHARE](create-share.md), [LIST SHARES](list-shares.md), and [ATTACH](attach.md) documentation.

### 1. Owner creates a share and grants access

```sql
-- Owner: create a restricted share of database 'analytics'
-- Using CREATE OR REPLACE allows updating the share if it already exists.
-- ACCESS RESTRICTED is required to use GRANT/REVOKE.
CREATE OR REPLACE SHARE analytics_share FROM analytics (ACCESS RESTRICTED);

-- Owner: Grant access to specific users.
-- If a username contains special characters like '@', enclose it in double quotes.
GRANT READ ON SHARE analytics_share TO user_1, "user_2@example-com";

-- Owner retrieves the share URL to provide to recipients.
-- The URL uniquely identifies the share.
LIST SHARES;
-- Example output contains URL like: md:_share/analytics/0a9a026ec5a55946a9de39851087ed81

-- Owner shares the full URL (e.g., 'md:_share/analytics/0a9a026ec5a55946a9de39851087ed81') with the granted users.
```

### 2. Recipient attaches and queries the shared database

```sql
-- Recipient: attach the shared database using the full URL provided by the owner.
-- Using the full URL prevents naming conflicts.
ATTACH 'md:_share/analytics/0a9a026ec5a55946a9de39851087ed81' AS analytics_data;

-- Recipient: switch to the attached database
USE analytics_data;

-- Recipient: query the shared database
SELECT * FROM customer_metrics LIMIT 10;
```

When the share is attached, it creates a read-only reference to the shared database that doesn't consume additional storage for the recipient. Recipients can query the data but cannot modify it.

## Related

- [REVOKE READ ON SHARE](/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/revoke-access/)
- [SHOW grants](/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/access-control/show-grants/) to audit who can read a Share
- [Roles and access control](/concepts/roles-and-access-control/)

---

Source: https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/include-pattern

# INCLUDE_PATTERN clause


> Pattern syntax, matching rules, and validation for the INCLUDE_PATTERN clause of CREATE SHARE and ALTER SHARE.

`INCLUDE_PATTERN` limits which tables and views a Share exposes. [`CREATE SHARE`](create-share.md) takes it as an option, and [`ALTER SHARE`](alter-share.md) sets or clears it on an existing Share. For a walkthrough of both, see [table-level security](/key-tasks/sharing-data/table-level-security/).

## Syntax

```sql
INCLUDE_PATTERN '<pattern>[, <pattern> ...]'
```

A pattern list is a single string holding one or more comma-separated patterns. The Share exposes the union of everything the patterns match.

## The three include-pattern states

| Include pattern | Stored value | Effect |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Not set | `NULL` | The Share exposes the whole database. This is the default, and the state `RESET INCLUDE_PATTERN` returns to |
| `''` (empty string) | `[]` | The Share exposes nothing. Only the default schema remains, so `USE` and unqualified lookups still resolve |
| A list of patterns | `[<pattern>, ...]` | The Share exposes the union of everything the patterns match |

Read the stored value back from the `INCLUDE_PATTERN` column of [`LIST SHARES`](list-shares.md) or [`MD_INFORMATION_SCHEMA.OWNED_SHARES`](md_information_schema/owned_shares.md).

Blank entries between patterns are dropped, including a trailing comma, so `'reporting.*, , finance.salaries,'` stores as `[reporting.*, finance.salaries]`. A list that trims to nothing, such as `' , '`, is rejected rather than treated as "expose nothing".

## Pattern syntax

A pattern matches a qualified `schema.table` name, and it matches views exactly as it matches tables. `*` is the only wildcard, and it matches within one segment, never across the dot.

| Pattern | Matches |
| --- | --- |
| `reporting.*` | Every table and view in the `reporting` schema |
| `main.orders` | The `orders` table in `main` |
| `orders` | The `orders` table in `main`. A pattern with no dot is qualified with the default schema |
| `*.orders` | Every table named `orders`, in any schema |
| `reporting.fact_*` | Every table in `reporting` whose name starts with `fact_` |
| `*` | Every table in `main` only. A bare `*` is one segment, so it means `main.*`, not every schema |
| `*.*` | Every table in every schema |

Matching rules:

- **Matching is case-insensitive**, quoted or not, because DuckDB identifiers are case-insensitive.
- **A pattern with no schema means `main` only.** To match a name across every schema, write `*.orders` rather than `orders`.
- **A pattern has at most two segments.** An unterminated quote, a third segment, or text after a closing quote raises an error.
- **`*` is the only wildcard.** `_`, `?`, `[`, `]`, and `\` are literal characters, so `weird.a?b` matches only the table named `a?b`. They need no quoting.
- **Double-quote a segment to make `.`, `*`, and `,` literal**, so you can name tables and views whose names contain those characters. Write `""` for a literal double quote. Quoting changes which characters are literal, not how case is treated.
- **Spaces inside a quoted segment are part of the name.** `reporting." q1 sales "` matches a table named ` q1 sales `, including the spaces.
- **A quoted segment with no schema is still one segment**, qualified with `main`. `"hello.world"` means `main."hello.world"`, the table whose name contains a dot.

Quoting applies per segment, so one segment can be quoted while the other isn't:

| Pattern | Matches |
| --- | --- |
| `"hello.world"` | The table named `hello.world` in `main`, not the `world` table in a `hello` schema |
| `reporting."hello.world"` | The table named `hello.world` in `reporting` |
| `"reporting*ten"."hello.world"` | The table named `hello.world` in the schema named `reporting*ten`, where `*` is a literal character |

## Validation

Both statements validate every pattern against the source database's live catalog as they run, which catches a typo before it produces an emptier Share than you intended. The check is all-or-nothing: if one pattern in the list matches nothing, the statement fails and the stored pattern is left unchanged.

| Pattern | Requirement |
| --- | --- |
| `<schema>.*` with a literal schema name | The schema exists. A schema holding no tables is accepted |
| `*.*` | Always valid, even against a database with no tables or schemas at all |
| Any other pattern | At least one table or view matches. This includes a `.*` pattern whose schema segment holds a wildcard, so `stag*.*` is rejected unless it matches a real table, even when a schema named `staging` exists |
| `''` | Skips validation, because an empty include-list has nothing to match |

A pattern is validated when you set it and isn't re-evaluated afterward, so dropping a matched table later doesn't raise an error. On an `UPDATE AUTOMATIC` Share the table stops being exposed. On an `UPDATE MANUAL` Share, consumers keep seeing the frozen snapshot, including the dropped table, until you run [`UPDATE SHARE`](update-share.md).

## What a filtered Share exposes

- Hidden tables and views are absent from the consumer's catalog, and a query naming one fails with a standard missing-object error. The "Did you mean...?" suggestion only recommends accessible tables and views.
- A schema appears in the consumer's catalog when a pattern names the whole schema (`<schema>.*` or `*.*`), or when at least one of its tables is visible. The default schema is always present.
- Foreign keys that reference a hidden table are stripped from the tables the Share does expose.
- Macros, sequences, and types aren't matched by name. They ride their schema's visibility, so every macro, sequence, and type in the always-visible default schema is exposed, including when the pattern is `''`.
- Object definitions aren't rewritten. A visible view's or macro's definition text can name a hidden table. The hidden table's data stays unreadable, but its name can appear.
- The pattern is enforced on MotherDuck's servers, not in the client, so an older or modified client sees the same filtered catalog.

## Errors

| Error | Cause |
| --- | --- |
| `matches no table or view` | A pattern matches no table or view in the source database. Check the schema qualifier: a pattern with no dot is qualified with the default schema, so `orders` means `main.orders` |
| `schema that does not exist` | A `<schema>.*` pattern names a schema that isn't in the source database |
| `must contain at least one pattern` | The value is non-empty but trims to nothing, such as `' , '` or `'  '`. Write `''` when you mean "expose nothing" |
| `INCLUDE_PATTERN is not supported for shares of DUCKLAKE databases` | The source database is a DuckLake or Iceberg database. See [limitations](/key-tasks/sharing-data/table-level-security/#limitations) |
| `INCLUDE_PATTERN is too long` | The pattern list exceeds the 16,384-character maximum |
| `Filtered shares (INCLUDE_PATTERN) are not enabled for this account` | Table-level security isn't enabled for your account. It requires a **Business** or **Enterprise** plan |

## Related

- [Table-level security](/key-tasks/sharing-data/table-level-security/)
- [CREATE SHARE](create-share.md)
- [ALTER SHARE](alter-share.md)
- [LIST SHARES](list-shares.md)

---

Source: https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/list-secrets

# LIST SECRETS


> List all secrets stored in memory and MotherDuck.

Secrets can be listed in the same way as in DuckDB by using the table function `duckdb_secrets()`.

# Syntax

```sql
FROM duckdb_secrets();
```

|      name       | type  |     provider     | persistent |  storage   |          scope          |                                                                                                                  secret_string                                                                                                                  |
|-----------------|-------|------------------|------------|------------|-------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| __default_azure | azure | credential_chain | false      | memory     | [azure://, az://]       | name=__default_azure;type=azure;provider=credential_chain;serializable=true;scope=azure://,az://;account_name=some-account                                                                                                                      |
| __default_s3    | s3    | credential_chain | false      | memory     | [s3://, s3n://, s3a://] | name=__default_s3;type=s3;provider=credential_chain;serializable=true;scope=s3://,s3n://,s3a://;endpoint=s3.amazonaws.com;key_id=my_key;region=us-east-1;secret=redacted;session_token=redacted                                   |
| __default_r2    | r2    | config           | true       | motherduck | [r2://]                 | name=__default_r2;type=r2;provider=config;serializable=true;scope=r2://;endpoint=my_account.r2.cloudflarestorage.com;key_id=my_key;region=us-east-1;s3_url_compatibility_mode=0;secret=redacted;session_token=redacted;url_style=path;use_ssl=1 |
| __default_gcs   | gcs   | config           | true       | motherduck | [gcs://, gs://]         | name=__default_gcs;type=gcs;provider=config;serializable=true;scope=gcs://,gs://;endpoint=storage.googleapis.com;key_id=my_key;region=us-east-1;s3_url_compatibility_mode=0;secret=redacted;session_token=redacted;url_style=path;use_ssl=1     |

:::note
DuckDB allows you to specify `redact` when listing secrets (it's set to `true` by default). However, MotherDuck secrets are always redacted for security reasons despite the flag.
:::

# Example Usage
To inspect specific field(s) in `secret_string`:

```sql
select
    name, storage,
    list_filter(split(secret_string,';'), x -> starts_with(x, 'region'))[1]
from duckdb_secrets(redact=false) where name='__default_s3';
```

---

Source: https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/list-shares

# LIST SHARES


> List all shares created by the current user.

The `LIST SHARES` statement lists all shares created by the current user.

It provides the same information as querying the [`MD_INFORMATION_SCHEMA.OWNED_SHARES`](/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/md_information_schema/owned_shares/) view. You can also use the table function `md_list_database_shares()` for a subset of this information.

:::tip
To see shares that have been shared *with* you (by others), query the [`MD_INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SHARED_WITH_ME`](/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/md_information_schema/shared_with_me/) view instead.
:::

## Syntax

```sql
-- Using DDL (lists all owned shares with details)
LIST SHARES;

-- Equivalent to querying the information schema view
SELECT * FROM MD_INFORMATION_SCHEMA.OWNED_SHARES;

-- Using table function (returns a subset of columns)
SELECT name, url, source_db_name FROM md_list_database_shares();
```

## Output

The `LIST SHARES` statement and `SELECT * FROM MD_INFORMATION_SCHEMA.OWNED_SHARES` return a table with the following columns:

| Column Name      | Data Type | Value                                                                                                                                             |
| ---------------- | --------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| NAME             | STRING    | The name of the share                                                                                                                             |
| URL              | STRING    | The `share_url` which can be used to attach the share                                                                                             |
| SOURCE_DB_NAME | STRING    | The name of the database where this share was created from                                                                                        |
| SOURCE_DB_UUID | UUID      | UUID of the database where this share was created from                                                                                            |
| ACCESS           | STRING    | Whether anyone (`UNRESTRICTED`) within the same cloud region or only organization members (`ORGANIZATION`) can attach to the share by its `share_url`. RESTRICTED shares are hidden from the list.                          |
| VISIBILITY       | STRING    | Whether the share is `DISCOVERABLE` or `HIDDEN`                                                                                                   |
| UPDATE           | STRING    | The share's update mode (`MANUAL` vs. `AUTOMATIC`)                                                                                                |
| CREATED_TS      | TIMESTAMP | The share's creation time                                                                                                                         |
| GRANTS           | STRUCT(grantee_name VARCHAR, "access" VARCHAR)[] | A list of all grants that are active for the share. A grantee is a user or a role                            |
| INCLUDE_PATTERN  | VARCHAR[] | The share's [include pattern](/key-tasks/sharing-data/table-level-security/). `NULL` when the share exposes the whole database, an empty list when it exposes nothing, otherwise the list of patterns |

:::note
Shares are **region-scoped** based on your Organization's cloud region. Each MotherDuck Organization is scoped to a single cloud region that must be chosen at Org creation when signing up.

MotherDuck is available on AWS in six regions:
- **US East (N. Virginia):** `us-east-1`
- **US West (Oregon):** `us-west-2`
- **Europe (Frankfurt):** `eu-central-1`
- **Europe (Dublin):** `eu-west-1`
- **Asia Pacific (Tokyo):** `ap-northeast-1`
- **Asia Pacific (Sydney):** `ap-southeast-2`
:::

---

Source: https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/md-run-parameter

# MD_RUN parameter


> Control whether table functions run locally or remotely.

For certain DuckDB **Table Functions**, MotherDuck provides an additional parameter, `MD_RUN`, that gives explicit control over where the query is executed.

This parameter is available to the following functions:

- `read_csv()`
- `read_csv_auto()`
- `read_json()`
- `read_json_auto()`
- `read_parquet()` and its alias `parquet_scan()`

To leverage the `MD_RUN` parameter, you can choose:

- `MD_RUN=LOCAL` executes the function in your local DuckDB environment.
- `MD_RUN=REMOTE` executes the function in MotherDuck-hosted DuckDB runtimes in the cloud.
- `MD_RUN=AUTO` executes remotely all `s3://`, `http://`, `https://`, `s3a://`, `s3n://`, `gcs://`, `gs://`, `r2://`, `azure://`, `az://`, `abfss://`, and `hf://` requests, except those to `localhost`/`127.0.0.1`. This is the default option.

The following is an example of using this parameter to execute the function remotely:

```sql
SELECT *
FROM read_csv(
    'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/duckdb/duckdb-web/main/data/weather.csv',
    MD_RUN = REMOTE
);
```

In this example, `MD_RUN=REMOTE` is redundant because omitting it implies `MD_RUN=AUTO`, and given that this is a non-local `https://` resource, MotherDuck will automatically choose remote execution already.

You can force local execution with `MD_RUN=LOCAL`.

---

Source: https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/print-md-token

# PRINT_MD_TOKEN pragma


> Retrieve your MotherDuck authentication token.

You can retrieve your MotherDuck authentication token using the `PRINT_MD_TOKEN` pragma.

In CLI or Python, to avoid having to re-authenticate every time, you can store your token as an environment variable; for example, by running `export motherduck_token='xxxx'` in the terminal. Be sure to replace 'xxxx' with your own token!

# Syntax

```sql
PRAGMA PRINT_MD_TOKEN;
```

---

Source: https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/refresh-database

# REFRESH DATABASE


> Sync databases with the latest snapshot or share updates.

There are two types of databases that can be refreshed: **database shares** and databases attached to **read scaling**
connections.

**Read scaling** connections sync automatically every minute. To ensure maximum freshness, run  `CREATE SNAPSHOT` on the
writer, followed by `REFRESH DATABASES` on the reader. This pulls the latest snapshot.

**Database shares** can also be refreshed—either automatically or manually. In this case, the writer uses `UPDATE SHARE`
instead of  `CREATE SNAPSHOT`, followed by `REFRESH DATABASES` on the reader.

## Behavior by connection mode

How `REFRESH DATABASES` behaves depends on which
[attach mode](/key-tasks/authenticating-and-connecting-to-motherduck/attach-modes/)
your session is in:

- **Workspace mode** (the default; for example, `ATTACH 'md:'` or the `md:`
  connection string): Two things happen. First, refreshable databases in the
  session (shares and read-scaling) pull their latest snapshot. Second,
  MotherDuck reconciles the session's attachment list against the server-side
  workspace, so databases created by other connections (for example, R/W
  instances) since your last sync are auto-attached. Use this when you want
  your session to reflect catalog changes made elsewhere.
- **Single mode** (for example, `md:<database_name>?attach_mode=single`
  connection string, `ATTACH 'md:<database_name>'` in an existing DuckDB
  session, or `SET motherduck_attach_mode='single'` before attaching):
  Refreshes only the refreshable databases (shares and read-scaling) already
  attached in the session. New databases on the server are **not**
  auto-discovered or attached. This is by design -- single mode keeps your
  session scoped, doesn't persist attachment changes, and stays out of sync
  with parallel connections. Attach more databases explicitly if you need
  them.

## Syntax

`REFRESH DATABASES` (plural, no name) and `REFRESH DATABASE <database_name>`
(singular, with a name) are two distinct forms; you can't combine them.
For example, `REFRESH DATABASES my_db` fails to parse.

```sql
-- Refresh all refreshable databases attached to the current session
REFRESH DATABASES;

-- Refresh a specific share or read-scaling database
REFRESH DATABASE <database_name>;
```

The single-database form only works for **database shares** and
**read-scaling** databases. Calling `REFRESH DATABASE <name>` on a regular
R/W database returns an error:
*"`<name>` is not a share or database on a read-scaling instance."*

The behavior of `REFRESH DATABASES` depends on how you connected to MotherDuck:

- **Workspace mode** (`ATTACH 'md:'`): Refreshes all databases in your workspace, including new databases created by other connections (e.g., R/W instances). This allows you to pick up databases that were created after your initial connection.

## Syntax

```sql
REFRESH { DATABASE | DATABASES } [<database_name>];
```

## Examples

```sql
REFRESH DATABASES;       -- Refreshes all connected databases and shares
┌─────────┬───────────────────┬──────────────────────────┬───────────┐
│  name   │       type        │  fully_qualified_name    │ refreshed │
│ varchar │     varchar       │        varchar           │  boolean  │
├─────────┼───────────────────┼──────────────────────────┼───────────┤
│ <name1> │ motherduck        │ md:<name1>               │ false     │
│ <name2> │ motherduck share  │ md:_share/<name2>/<uuid> │ true      │
└─────────┴───────────────────┴──────────────────────────┴───────────┘

REFRESH DATABASE my_db;  -- Alternatively, refresh a specific database
┌─────────┬──────────────────┬──────────────────────────┬───────────┐
│  name   │       type       │  fully_qualified_name    │ refreshed │
│ varchar │     varchar      │        varchar           │  boolean  │
├─────────┼──────────────────┼──────────────────────────┼───────────┤
│ <name1> │ motherduck share │ md:_share/<name1>/<uuid> │ false     │
└─────────┴──────────────────┴──────────────────────────┴───────────┘
```

## Related Content

- [CREATE SNAPSHOT](/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/create-snapshot.md)
- [UPDATE SHARE](/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/update-share.md)

---

Source: https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/revoke-access

# REVOKE READ ON SHARE


> Remove user access from a restricted share.

**Requires permission:** Manage all organization Shares — included by default in the Admin preset role. A custom role qualifies when it inherits a role that includes the permission. Only the share owner can revoke access from a Share. Organization Admins can view a Share's grants (SHOW GRANTS ON SHARE) but cannot revoke access from Shares they do not own. See [Roles and access control](/concepts/roles-and-access-control/#what-each-role-can-do).

:::note
Only the owner of a Share can run `REVOKE READ ON SHARE`. Organization Admins can view existing grants with `SHOW GRANTS ON SHARE`, but running `REVOKE` against a Share owned by another account fails with `Catalog Error: Database share <name> not found`. In a multi-service-account (hypertenancy) setup, authenticate as the Share's owner to manage its grants.
:::

For restricted Shares, use the `REVOKE` command to remove access from users or roles that have an existing `GRANT`. After you run `REVOKE`, there may be a delay of a few minutes before access is fully removed if the user has an active query on the Share. `GRANT` and `REVOKE` do not apply to `UNRESTRICTED` Shares.

## Syntax

```sql
REVOKE READ ON SHARE <share name> FROM { USER <username> | ROLE <role name> } [, ...];
```

If a username contains special characters, such as '@', it must be enclosed in double quotes (`"`).

## Example usage

```sql
-- Revoke access to the share 'birds' from the user 'duck'.
REVOKE READ ON SHARE birds FROM USER duck;

-- Revoke access to the share 'taxis' from two users.
REVOKE READ ON SHARE taxis FROM USER usr1, USER usr2;

-- Revoke access from every user with the 'finance' role.
REVOKE READ ON SHARE core_metrics FROM ROLE finance;

-- Revoke access from a user whose username contains special characters.
REVOKE READ ON SHARE sensitive_data FROM USER "user@example-com";
```

If a user has access to the share through another role, they keep it after this revoke.

## Related

- [GRANT READ ON SHARE](/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/grant-access/)
- [SHOW grants](/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/access-control/show-grants/) to confirm access was removed
- [Roles and access control](/concepts/roles-and-access-control/)

---

Source: https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/show-databases

# SHOW ALL DATABASES


> List all MotherDuck, DuckDB, and shared databases.

The `SHOW ALL DATABASES` statement shows all databases, would it be MotherDuck database, DuckDB database or MotherDuck shares.

It returns:

* `alias` (`db_name` or `share_alias`)
* `is_attached` flag to mention if the database is attached or not.
* `type` (e.g. DuckDB, MotherDuck, MotherDuck share)
* `fully_qualified_name` (empty, md:_share/ or md:db_name)

To query specific columns, you can use the table function `MD_ALL_DATABASES()`.

# Syntax

```sql
SHOW ALL DATABASES;
```

or using the table function

```sql
select * from MD_ALL_DATABASES();
```

# Example usage

```sql
SHOW ALL DATABASES;
```

Example output:

```bash
┌──────────────────────────────────────────┬─────────────┬──────────────────┬─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                  alias                   │ is_attached │       type       │                                  fully_qualified_name                                   │
│                 varchar                  │   boolean   │     varchar      │                                         varchar                                         │
├──────────────────────────────────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ TEST_DB_02d6fc2158094bd693b6f285dbd402f7 │ true        │ motherduck       │ md:TEST_DB_02d6fc2158094bd693b6f285dbd402f7                                             │
│ TEST_DB_62b53d968a4f4b6682ed117a7251b814 │ true        │ motherduck       │ md:TEST_DB_62b53d968a4f4b6682ed117a7251b814                                             │
│ base                                     │ false       │ motherduck       │ md:base                                                                                 │
│ base2                                    │ true        │ motherduck       │ md:base2                                                                                │
│ db1                                      │ false       │ motherduck       │ md:db1                                                                                  │
│ integration_test_001                     │ false       │ motherduck       │ md:integration_test_001                                                                 │
│ my_db                                    │ true        │ motherduck       │ md:my_db                                                                                │
│ my_share_1                               │ true        │ motherduck share │ md:_share/integration_test_001/18d6dbdb-e130-4cdf-97c4-60782ed5972b                     │
│ sample_data                              │ false       │ motherduck       │ md:sample_data                                                                          │
│ source_db                                │ true        │ motherduck       │ md:source_db                                                                            │
│ test_db_115                              │ false       │ motherduck       │ md:test_db_115                                                                          │
│ test_db_28d                              │ false       │ motherduck       │ md:test_db_28d                                                                          │
│ test_db_cc9                              │ false       │ motherduck       │ md:test_db_cc9                                                                          │
│ test_share                               │ true        │ motherduck share │ md:_share/source_db/b990b424-2f9a-477a-b216-680a22c3f43f                                │
│ test_share_002                           │ true        │ motherduck share │ md:_share/integration_test_001/06cc5500-e49a-4f62-9203-105e89a4b8ae                     │
├──────────────────────────────────────────┴─────────────┴──────────────────┴─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 15 rows (15 shown)                                                                                                                                        4 columns │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

```

---

Source: https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/shutdown-terminate

# SHUTDOWN


> Gracefully shut down or force-terminate your Duckling to manage compute costs and recover from stuck queries.

Each [Duckling size](/about-motherduck/billing/duckling-sizes/) has a [cooldown period](/about-motherduck/billing/duckling-sizes/#configuring-the-cooldown-period) which is the time it stays active after completing the last query to keep it warm for follow-up queries. If you know your workload is done, you can use the `SHUTDOWN` command to skip the remaining cooldown. When using `SHUTDOWN` the duckling tries to gracefully shutdown after which the billing also stops. You will always be billed for a minimum of 60 seconds. If multiple clients are connected to the same duckling and actively querying when the shutdown is initiated, the duckling might be prevented from shutting down to allow the other clients to keep querying.

MotherDuck provides two shutdown commands: a graceful shutdown that waits for activity to complete, and a forced termination for stuck or unresponsive Ducklings.

## `SHUTDOWN`

Gracefully shuts down the Duckling at the earliest opportunity. Running queries are allowed to complete, and no existing work is interrupted.

### Syntax

```sql
SHUTDOWN;
-- or equivalently:
SHUTDOWN NORMAL;
```

### Behavior

- The command returns immediately after the shutdown intent is registered — it does not wait for the Duckling to fully shut down.
- Running queries and open transactions are **not** interrupted and will complete normally.
- Other connected clients can continue querying. The Duckling shuts down once all clients become inactive.
- If new queries are issued after the command, they execute normally — the Duckling stays alive while there is activity, but shuts down once activity stops.

### Example

```sql
-- Shut down the Duckling after current work completes
SHUTDOWN;
```

## `SHUTDOWN TERMINATE`

Force-terminates a stuck or unresponsive Duckling by cancelling all running queries and initiating an immediate shutdown. This is intended for situations where queries cannot be cancelled using [`md_interrupt_server_connection`](/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/connection-management/interrupt-connections/) or where the Duckling is otherwise not making progress.

### Syntax

```sql
SHUTDOWN TERMINATE;

-- Optionally provide a reason (for observability and diagnostics)
SHUTDOWN TERMINATE (REASON 'reason for shutdown');
```

### Behavior

- All running queries are interrupted and cancelled.
- The command returns a result once the shutdown process has been initiated.
- Newly issued queries from any client are queued until a new Duckling starts.
- The **minimum 1-minute billing charge** still applies.
- Works on all [Duckling sizes](/about-motherduck/billing/duckling-sizes/), including Pulse.

### Example

Spin up a Giga Duckling, run a batch job, and shut it down immediately to minimize costs:

```sql
-- Run your batch job
CREATE TABLE my_db.results AS
    SELECT * FROM my_db.raw_events
    WHERE event_date >= '2025-01-01'
    GROUP BY ALL;

-- Shut down the Duckling immediately (billed for 1 min minimum)
SHUTDOWN;
```

In this example, instead of waiting for the Giga Duckling's default 10-minute cooldown period, `SHUTDOWN` stops the Duckling right away. You are billed for the actual query time (wall clock time) plus the 1-minute minimum, not the full cooldown.

```sql
-- Force-terminate a stuck Duckling with a reason
SHUTDOWN TERMINATE (REASON 'stuck query on large join');
```

## Choosing between `SHUTDOWN` and `SHUTDOWN TERMINATE`

| | `SHUTDOWN` | `SHUTDOWN TERMINATE` |
|---|---|---|
| **Running queries** | Allowed to complete | Cancelled immediately |
| **New queries** | Continue normally | Queued until new Duckling starts |
| **Shutdown timing** | After all activity stops | Immediate |
| **Use case** | Skip idle cooldown after a job | Recover from stuck queries |

---

Source: https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/temporary-tables

# TEMPORARY TABLES


> Create local temporary tables for session-scoped data.

The `CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE` statement creates a new a temporary from a sql query. This command is used to create a local temporary table. [More information can be found in the DuckDB documentation.](https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/statements/create_table.html#temporary-tables)

## Syntax

```sql
CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] TEMPORARY TABLE [ IF NOT EXISTS ] <table name> AS ...
```

Temporary Tables can be created traditionally with column names and types, or with `Create Table ... As Select` (CTAS).

### Shorthand Convention

The word `TEMP` can be used interchangably with `TEMPORARY`.

## Example Usage

```sql
CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE flights AS
    FROM 'https://duckdb.org/data/flights.csv';
```

This will create a local table with data from the duckdb `flights.csv` file.

## Notes

- Temporary Tables in MotherDuck persist locally, not on the server. As such, local constraints should be considered when using them.
- Because they are bound to your session, when your session ends, any temporary tables will no longer be available.

---

Source: https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/undrop-database

# UNDROP DATABASE
> Restore a dropped MotherDuck database within its snapshot retention window.
The `UNDROP DATABASE` statement restores a previously dropped MotherDuck database and its snapshot history, as long as the drop is still within the database's snapshot retention window.

This statement applies to MotherDuck native storage databases (standard or transient). DuckLake databases cannot be restored with `UNDROP DATABASE`; they use their own [snapshot system](/concepts/ducklake#snapshot-retention), which does not support `UNDROP`.

## Syntax

```sql
UNDROP DATABASE <database_name>
```

## Notes

- A dropped database can be undropped only while historical snapshots are still retained. The retention period is controlled by `SNAPSHOT_RETENTION_DAYS`. Use [`ALTER DATABASE`](/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/alter-database) to change it.
- After undropping, the database is not automatically attached in your current session. Re-attach it with `ATTACH 'md:<database_name>'`, then `USE <database_name>` if needed.
- For retention defaults and plan limits, see the [data recovery guide](/concepts/data-recovery) and [storage lifecycle](/concepts/storage-lifecycle#storage-management).

## Examples

Drop a database, then undrop and attach it:

```sql
DROP DATABASE test_db;
UNDROP DATABASE test_db;
ATTACH 'md:test_db';
```

---

Source: https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/update-share

# UPDATE SHARE


> Manually update a share with a new database snapshot.

Shares can either be manually or automatically updated by the share creator. All users of the share will automatically see share updates within 1 minute, containing both DDL (like CREATE TABLE) and DML (inserts, updates, or deletes) changes.
These updates are transactionally consistent snapshots, i.e. never partial database updates.

The share creator can have the share be automatically updated when the underlying database changes. This is done by specifying the `UPDATE AUTOMATIC` option during [share creation](create-share.md).
Alternatively the share creator can manually update the share with a new point-in-time snapshot of the database. This is done by running the `UPDATE SHARE` command.

# Syntax

```sql
UPDATE SHARE <share name>;
```

---

Source: https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/md-attached-databases

# MD_ATTACHED_DATABASES


> List databases attached to your DuckDB and MotherDuck session.

`MD_ATTACHED_DATABASES()` lists the databases attached in your session, including MotherDuck databases, shares, and local databases.

Use [`SHOW ALL DATABASES`](/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/show-databases) when you also want to see detached MotherDuck databases available to you.

## Syntax

```sql
FROM md_attached_databases();
```

## Output

| Column Name | Data Type | Value |
|-------------|-----------|-------|
| `alias` | VARCHAR | Attached database alias |
| `is_share` | BOOLEAN | Whether the attached database is a share |
| `is_readonly` | BOOLEAN | Whether the database is attached read-only |
| `is_error_catalog` | BOOLEAN | Whether the attachment is an error catalog |
| `error_message` | VARCHAR | Error message for error catalogs, if any |
| `is_ducklake` | BOOLEAN | Whether the attached database is a DuckLake database |

## Example usage

```sql
FROM md_attached_databases();
```

```sql
SELECT alias
FROM md_attached_databases()
WHERE is_share;
```

---

Source: https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/md-list-buckets-for-secret

# MD_LIST_BUCKETS_FOR_SECRET


> List S3 buckets visible to a named MotherDuck secret.

`MD_LIST_BUCKETS_FOR_SECRET()` lists the S3 buckets visible to the named secret.

:::note
This function takes a **secret name**, not a bucket name. It supports `S3` secrets only.
:::

## Syntax

```sql
FROM md_list_buckets_for_secret('<secret_name>');
```

## Output

| Column Name | Data Type | Value |
|-------------|-----------|-------|
| `name` | VARCHAR | Bucket name |
| `creation_date` | DATE | Bucket creation date |
| `region` | VARCHAR | Bucket region |
| `arn` | VARCHAR | Bucket ARN, when available |

## Example usage

```sql
FROM md_list_buckets_for_secret('__default_s3');
```

---

Source: https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/md-list-files

# MD_LIST_FILES


> List files and folders in S3 and Azure storage from SQL.

`MD_LIST_FILES()` lists files and folders at a cloud storage path.

:::note
`MD_LIST_FILES()` supports:

- `s3://`
- `azure://`
- `az://`

It does **not** accept `r2://`, `gcs://`, or `gs://` paths, but MotherDuck can still query those storage providers normally.
:::

## Syntax

```sql
FROM md_list_files('<path>');
```

## Output

| Column Name | Data Type | Value |
|-------------|-----------|-------|
| `name` | VARCHAR | File or folder name relative to the requested prefix |
| `type` | VARCHAR | Entry type, such as `FILE` or `FOLDER` |
| `size` | UBIGINT | File size in bytes; `NULL` for folders |
| `last_modified` | TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE | Last modification time; `NULL` for folders |

## Example usage

```sql
FROM md_list_files('s3://us-prd-motherduck-open-datasets/');
```

```sql
FROM md_list_files('azure://my-container/raw/');
```

## Notes

- For private storage, make sure an appropriate secret is available. See [CREATE SECRET](/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/create-secret).
- For S3 bucket discovery by secret, use [`MD_LIST_BUCKETS_FOR_SECRET()`](/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/md-list-buckets-for-secret).

---

Source: https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/md-live-duckling-size

# MD_LIVE_DUCKLING_SIZE


> Return the current Duckling instance type for the active MotherDuck connection.

`MD_LIVE_DUCKLING_SIZE()` returns the Duckling instance type for the active MotherDuck connection.

This is useful when you want to inspect which class of execution instance is serving your session.

## Syntax

```sql
FROM md_live_duckling_size();
```

## Output

| Column Name | Data Type | Value |
|-------------|-----------|-------|
| `type` | VARCHAR | Current Duckling instance type, for example `Pulse` |

## Example usage

```sql
FROM md_live_duckling_size();
```

Example result:

```text
type
-----
Pulse
```

---

Source: https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/md-user

# MD_USER


> Return the current MotherDuck user name.

`MD_USER()` returns the current MotherDuck user name for the active connection.

In MotherDuck sessions, `USER`, `CURRENT_USER()`, and `SESSION_USER` resolve to the same value.

To also get the user ID, organization details, plan type, and region, use [`MD_USER_INFO()`](md-user-info.md).

## Syntax

```sql
SELECT md_user();

-- Equivalent aliases in a MotherDuck session
SELECT user;
SELECT user();
SELECT current_user();
SELECT session_user;
```

::::info
Note that DuckDB and MotherDuck allow you to use niladic (no-argument) functions like `user` also as a column name. This can lead to a silent failure with unexpected values when dropping a `user` column.
::::

## Output

| Column Name | Data Type | Value |
|-------------|-----------|-------|
| `md_user()` | VARCHAR | Current MotherDuck user name |

## Example usage

```sql
SELECT md_user();
```

```sql
SELECT current_user();
```

:::note
If you are not connected to MotherDuck, DuckDB may return its default local user instead.
:::

---

Source: https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/md-user-info

# MD_USER_INFO


> Return the current user's ID and name plus the organization's ID, name, plan type, and region.

`MD_USER_INFO()` is a table function that returns a single row describing the current user and organization for the active connection: user and organization identifiers, the organization's plan type, and the region the organization runs in.

Use it to look up account facts from SQL instead of the MotherDuck UI, for example to find your region when allowlisting [Flight egress IP addresses](/concepts/flights#connecting-to-external-systems) or building your [Postgres endpoint hostname](/sql-reference/postgres-endpoint).

## Syntax

```sql
FROM md_user_info();
```

## Output

| Column name | Data type | Value |
|-------------|-----------|-------|
| `user_id` | VARCHAR | Unique identifier of the current user |
| `username` | VARCHAR | Current MotherDuck user name, the same value returned by [`MD_USER()`](md-user.md) |
| `org_id` | VARCHAR | Unique identifier of the user's organization |
| `org_name` | VARCHAR | Display name of the organization |
| `org_type` | VARCHAR | The organization's [plan](/about-motherduck/billing/pricing), for example `free_trial`, `lite`, or `business` |
| `region` | VARCHAR | Cloud region the organization runs in, for example `us-east-1` or `eu-central-1` |

:::note
The `region` column requires DuckDB 1.5.3 or later. Older clients return the remaining columns without `region`.
:::

## Example usage

Run the query below to see the values for your own account:

#### Look up your user and organization info

Database: `sample_data`

```sql
FROM md_user_info();
```

To retrieve a single value, select the column you need:

```sql
SELECT region FROM md_user_info();
```

## SaaS mode

`MD_USER_INFO()` is disabled when connecting in [SaaS mode](/key-tasks/authenticating-and-connecting-to-motherduck/authenticating-to-motherduck/#authentication-using-saas-mode) and returns a permission error. It remains available over the [Postgres endpoint](/sql-reference/postgres-endpoint).

## Related

- [`MD_USER`](md-user.md) — return only the current user name
- [Postgres endpoint](/sql-reference/postgres-endpoint) — regional hostnames that use the `region` value
- [Flights: connecting to external systems](/concepts/flights#connecting-to-external-systems) — egress IP addresses per region

---

Source: https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/md-version

# MD_VERSION


> Inspect the loaded MotherDuck extension version and build hash.

MotherDuck exposes `MD_VERSION` both as a scalar function and as a pragma.

Use the scalar function when you only need the version string. Use the pragma when you also want the extension hash.

## Syntax

```sql
SELECT md_version();

PRAGMA md_version;
```

## Output

`SELECT md_version();` returns a single `VARCHAR` value.

`PRAGMA md_version;` returns:

| Column Name | Data Type | Value |
|-------------|-----------|-------|
| `md_extension_version` | VARCHAR | Loaded MotherDuck extension version |
| `md_extension_hash` | VARCHAR | MotherDuck extension build hash |

## Example usage

```sql
SELECT md_version();
```

```sql
PRAGMA md_version;
```

---

Source: https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference

# MotherDuck SQL
> MotherDuck-specific SQL extensions and cloud database management
MotherDuck extends DuckDB with cloud-native SQL capabilities for managing databases, shares, secrets, and connections. These statements let you work with MotherDuck's serverless infrastructure directly from SQL.

**Key capabilities:**
- **Database management**: Create, copy, attach, and drop cloud databases
- **Data sharing**: Share data with other users and organizations
- **Secrets management**: Store and manage credentials securely
- **AI functions**: Generate embeddings, run prompts, and get SQL assistance
- **Dives**: Create and manage interactive data visualizations

For standard SQL operations, see the [DuckDB Syntax](/sql-reference/duckdb-sql-reference) reference.

## Included pages

- [AI Functions](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/ai-functions): MotherDuck AI SQL functions for text generation, embeddings, and SQL assistance.
- [ALTER DATABASE](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/alter-database): Update storage-related settings on a MotherDuck database.
- [ALTER DATABASE SET SNAPSHOT](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/alter-database-snapshot): Restore a database from a snapshot using ALTER DATABASE SET SNAPSHOT TO.
- [ALTER SHARE](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/alter-share): Set or clear the include pattern on an existing Share to change which tables and views it exposes.
- [ALTER SNAPSHOT](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/alter-snapshot): Rename or remove names from database snapshots using ALTER SNAPSHOT.
- [ATTACH](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/attach): Attach local databases, MotherDuck databases, or public shares to your session
- [COPY FROM DATABASE](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/copy-database): Copy a database from one location to another in MotherDuck
- [COPY FROM DATABASE (OVERWRITE)](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/copy-database-overwrite): Overwrite a database with a zero-copy clone from another database.
- [CREATE DATABASE](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/create-database): Create a database, zero-copy clone from an existing database, or import a local DuckDB file into MotherDuck.
- [CREATE SECRET](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/create-secret): Create a secret in MotherDuck
- [CREATE SHARE](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/create-share): Create a Share from a database and grant access to users or roles.
- [CREATE SNAPSHOT](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/create-snapshot): Create a snapshot of a MotherDuck database for recovery or read scaling.
- [DESCRIBE SHARE](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/describe-share): Get details about a specific share by name or URL.
- [DETACH](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/detach): Detach local, remote, or shared databases from your session
- [DROP DATABASE](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/drop-database): Remove a database from MotherDuck.
- [DROP SECRET](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/delete-secret): Delete a secret from MotherDuck or local storage.
- [DROP SHARE](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/drop-share): Delete a share and revoke access for all attached users.
- [EXPLAIN](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/explain): Display the physical query plan without executing the query.
- [EXPLAIN ANALYZE](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/explain-analyze): Execute a query and display performance metrics for each operator.
- [GRANT READ ON SHARE](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/grant-access): Give users access to a restricted share.
- [INCLUDE_PATTERN clause](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/include-pattern): Pattern syntax, matching rules, and validation for the INCLUDE_PATTERN clause of CREATE SHARE and ALTER SHARE.
- [LIST SECRETS](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/list-secrets): List all secrets stored in memory and MotherDuck.
- [LIST SHARES](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/list-shares): List all shares created by the current user.
- [MD_RUN parameter](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/md-run-parameter): Control whether table functions run locally or remotely.
- [PRINT_MD_TOKEN pragma](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/print-md-token): Retrieve your MotherDuck authentication token.
- [REFRESH DATABASE](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/refresh-database): Sync databases with the latest snapshot or share updates.
- [REVOKE READ ON SHARE](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/revoke-access): Remove user access from a restricted share.
- [SHOW ALL DATABASES](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/show-databases): List all MotherDuck, DuckDB, and shared databases.
- [SHUTDOWN](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/shutdown-terminate): Gracefully shut down or force-terminate your Duckling to manage compute costs and recover from stuck queries.
- [TEMPORARY TABLES](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/temporary-tables): Create local temporary tables for session-scoped data.
- [UNDROP DATABASE](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/undrop-database): Restore a dropped MotherDuck database within its snapshot retention window.
- [UPDATE SHARE](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/update-share): Manually update a share with a new database snapshot.
- [Server Connection Management](https://motherduck.com/docs/category/server-connection-management): Managing MotherDuck server connections
- [Introduction to MD_INFORMATION_SCHEMA](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/md_information_schema/introduction): Introduction to MD_INFORMATION_SCHEMA
- [Flights functions](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/flights): SQL table functions for creating, scheduling, running, and inspecting MotherDuck Flights.
- [Access control](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/access-control): SQL commands for role-based access control to create and manage roles, grant data access, and inspect roles and grants.
- [Dives functions](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/dives): SQL table functions for creating, updating, versioning, and deleting MotherDuck Dives.
- [Guides functions](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/guides): SQL table functions for creating, reading, updating, and deleting MotherDuck Guides.
- [MD_ATTACHED_DATABASES](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/md-attached-databases): List databases attached to your DuckDB and MotherDuck session.
- [MD_LIST_BUCKETS_FOR_SECRET](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/md-list-buckets-for-secret): List S3 buckets visible to a named MotherDuck secret.
- [MD_LIST_FILES](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/md-list-files): List files and folders in S3 and Azure storage from SQL.
- [MD_LIVE_DUCKLING_SIZE](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/md-live-duckling-size): Return the current Duckling instance type for the active MotherDuck connection.
- [MD_USER](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/md-user): Return the current MotherDuck user name.
- [MD_USER_INFO](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/md-user-info): Return the current user's ID and name plus the organization's ID, name, plan type, and region.
- [MD_VERSION](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/md-version): Inspect the loaded MotherDuck extension version and build hash.
- [RESULT](https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/result): Run a SELECT asynchronously and query its cached results like a table.

---

Source: https://motherduck.com/docs/sql-reference/motherduck-sql-reference/result

# RESULT


> Run a SELECT asynchronously and query its cached results like a table.

The `RESULT` statements let you run a `SELECT` asynchronously, cache rows as they are produced, and query that cached output like a table.

This is most valuable for presenting users in a data application with rows as they come in instead of waiting for the full result. Use the [Results concept page](/concepts/results) for lifecycle behavior and caching details.

## Syntax

```sql
CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] RESULT [ IF NOT EXISTS ] <result_name> AS <select_query>;

FROM <result_name> [ LIMIT <n> ];

PAUSE RESULT [ IF EXISTS ] <result_name>;
RESUME RESULT [ IF EXISTS ] <result_name>;
CANCEL RESULT [ IF EXISTS ] <result_name>;
DROP RESULT [ IF EXISTS ] <result_name>;

SHOW ALL RESULTS;
FROM md_show_results();
```

`RESULT` accepts `SELECT` statements only. The result starts building asynchronously when it is created.

### _OR REPLACE_ clause

`OR REPLACE` drops the existing result and creates a new one with the same name.

### _IF NOT EXISTS_ clause

If a result with that name already exists, `IF NOT EXISTS` suppresses the error and leaves the existing result unchanged.

### Accessing a result

You can query a result like a table:

```sql
FROM <result_name>;
FROM <result_name> LIMIT <n>;
```

The cached output may be partial while the result is still building. Depending on the query and the current state of the result, MotherDuck may read from the cache, wait for more rows, or re-run the underlying `SELECT`.

### Lifecycle statements

You can manage a result after creation with:

- `PAUSE RESULT`
- `RESUME RESULT`
- `CANCEL RESULT`
- `DROP RESULT`

`CANCEL RESULT` permanently stops the background job. A canceled result cannot be resumed.

### Introspecting results

Use `SHOW ALL RESULTS` to inspect all results in the current session.

If you want to filter, sort, or limit that output, use `md_show_results()`.

## Output

`SHOW ALL RESULTS` and `md_show_results()` return:

| Column Name | Data Type | Value |
|-------------|-----------|-------|
| `name` | VARCHAR | Name of the result |
| `error` | VARCHAR | Error message, if any |
| `status` | VARCHAR | Current status: `BUILDING`, `PAUSED`, or `DONE` |
| `row_count` | BIGINT | Number of cached rows available |

## Example usage

```sql
CREATE RESULT top_urls AS
SELECT url, count(*) AS requests
FROM pypi_downloads
GROUP BY url;

FROM top_urls LIMIT 10;

SHOW ALL RESULTS;

FROM md_show_results()
WHERE name = 'top_urls';
```

## Notes

- Results are stored in memory and are not persisted across client restarts.
- `DROP RESULT` permanently removes the result and its cached rows.

---

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