| Designed for | Transactional workloads (OLTP): row-level reads, writes, updates, constraints. Analytics is possible but not the primary design. | Analytical workloads (OLAP): aggregations, scans, joins across large datasets. Sub-second performance on the queries that slow Postgres down. |
| Storage model | Row-oriented. Every analytical query reads entire rows, even if you only need two columns. | Columnar. Queries only read the columns they need — orders of magnitude less I/O for analytical workloads. |
| Postgres compatibility | It is Postgres. | Supports the Postgres wire protocol. Connect existing Postgres clients, BI tools, and applications without changes. |
| Scaling analytics | Vertical only. Analytical queries compete with production writes for CPU, memory, and I/O. | Hypertenancy: each user gets an isolated Duckling. Analytics never compete with your production database. |
| Cost at scale | Self-managed: you own the infrastructure, tuning, and scaling. Managed (RDS/Aurora): costs grow quickly with instance size. | Billed by the second, $0.60–$36/hr. Serverless — no instances to manage. Scales to zero when idle. |
| Maintenance for analytics | Indexes, partitioning, VACUUM, connection pooling, read replicas — all to make analytics tolerable on a transactional system. | Entirely managed — just choose your instance size. No indexes to tune, no read replicas to maintain. |
| Dual execution | No equivalent. | DuckDB-Wasm runs in the browser for ultra-fast in-browser analytics. Join local and cloud data in one query. |
| Local development | Run Postgres locally (different engine than managed services like Aurora). | DuckDB runs on your laptop — same SQL, same engine as cloud. Change one connection string to deploy. |
| AI integration | No native MCP or agent support. | Bring your own agent via MCP. Authenticate and start querying, no intermediary layer. |
| Native business intelligence | No native BI. Connect external tools. | Dives: agent-native data apps included. Create any experience in React + SQL, then deploy internally or embed. |